Obsah čísla 1/1997

Contents of 1/1997

Meat Efficiency of bullocks of the Black Pied breed Fattened to 430--530 kg of body weight

G. Chládek, J. Soutor, I. Ingr, A. Krása

Abstract

Chládek, G., Soutor, J., Ingr, I., Krása A.:

Meat Efficiency of bullocks of the Black Pied breed Fattened to 430--530 kg of body weight.

Acta univ. agric. et silvic. Mendel. Brun. (Brno), 1997, XLV, No. 1, pp.: 13--18

The experiment was carried out with 78 bullocks of the Black Pied breed (genotype H

₁

). Fattening was intensive, the feed ration was based on mashed cereals, and the weight of the bullocks ranged between 120.4 kg and 430--530 kg. In the experiment we studied the effect of a lower (i.e. 210 to 229 kg) and higher (i.e. 230 to 249 kg) carcass weight, lower (less than 999 g) and higher (above 1000 g) daily body increment, and the housing technology (with stanchions and stanchionless) on selected indicators of meat efficiency. The average values for the entire group were as follows: slaughter weight 436 kg, age at slaughter 437 days, carcass weight 227 kg, carcass yield 52.0 %, daily body increment 1,012 g, net increment 536 g, weight of the kidney tallow 3.7 kg, weight of hindquarter 60.3 kg, round 21.2 kg, short loin 4.1 kg, sirloin 1.4 kg, shank 2.3 kg, and meat trimmings from the hindquarter 7.9 kg, weight of forequarter 51.6 kg, shoulder 7.1 kg, neck 5.4 kg, rib roast 5.2 kg, shank 4.1 kg, and meat trimmings from the forequarter 7.0 kg. The higher carcass weight was associated with the statistically highly significantly higher slaughter weight (by 28 kg), age at slaughter (by 12 days), carcass yield (by 1.2%), weight of hindquarter (by 4.5 kg), round (by 2.7 kg), forequarter (by 4.9 kg) and neck (by 1.4 kg). The values of the net increment, short loin, shoulder and meat trimmings from the forequarter were significantly higher, i.e. by 51 g, 0.3 kg, 0.6 kg and 1.6 kg, respectively. In the group of animals with a higher daily body increment, the age at slaughter and net increment were statistically highly significantly lower and higher, i.e. by 57 days and 114 g, respectively, and the carcass yield was significantly higher by 0.7 %. Stanchion-housed animals had a highly significantly higher slaughter weight (by 14 kg), weight of kidney tallow (by 1.4 kg) and short loin (by 0.3 kg); on the contrary, the carcass yield and net increment were highly significantly lower, i.e. by 2.5 % and 96 g, respectively, and the weight of the rib roast was significantly lower (by 0.1 kg).

Scanning electron microscopy on males of two Trichuris (Nematoda) species parasitizing the hosts Ovis and Capra

F. Tenora, V. Baruš, M. Špakulová, C. Cutillas

Abstract

Tenora, F., Baruš, V., Špakulová, M.,. Cutillas C.:

Scanning electron microscopy on males of two Trichuris (Nematoda) species parasitizing the hosts Ovis and Capra.

Acta univ. agric. et silvic. Mendel. Brun. (Brno), 1997, XLV, No. 1, pp.: 19--27

Males of the species Trichuris ovis (Abildgaard, 1795) and T. globulosa (Linstow, 1901) were studied using SEM method, emphasizing especially the cloaca morphology and details of superficial armament of the spicular sheath. Using the light microscopy, the body length and proportions and spicule lengths were determined. On the margins of the cloacal opening of both species, there are no typical lateral caudal papillae, but only small paracloacal cuticular swellings. In both species, the surface of the spicular sheath, in its individual segments of its length, is covered by spines of different lengths and shapes. The distal end of the fully protruded spicular sheath is always without spines. In male populations of the both species studied, the minimum and maximum of spicule lengths overlap. However, in a reciprocal comparison of the values of this feature , using methods of the variation statistics, a highly significant difference was found in the range of their sizes (P < 0.01). THE MORPHOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF THE SPICULAR SHEATH ARMAMENT AND THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THE SHAPE, SIZE AND DISTRIBUTION OF SPINES ENABLE TO DISTINGUISH CLEARLY THE BOTH TAXA COMPARED. THE AUTHORS DOCUMENT THAT, EVEN IN NEMATODES (TRICHURIS), IT IS POSSIBLE TO TAKE REALLY IN CONSIDERATION AND TO PROVE THE EXISTENCE OF SIBLING SPECIES WHICH CAN BE DISTINGUISHED FROM EACH OTHER STUDYING THEIR MORPHOLOGY WHEN USING THE SEM METHOD.

Amino acid spectrum of two species of Lumbricidae (Neoligochaeta, Annelida)

S. Kráčmar, F. Tenora, L. Zeman

Abstract

Kráčmar, S., Tenora, F., Zeman L.:

Amino acid spectrum of two species of Lumbricidae (Neoligochaeta, Annelida).

Acta univ. agric. et silvic. Mendel. Brun. (Brno), 1997, XLV, No. 1, pp.: 29--33

The paper presents the amino acid (AA) spectrum of two species of Lumbricidae, Lumbricus rubellus (LR) (free-living populations in conditions of agricultures -- cereals and perennial fodder plants) and Eisenia foetida f. californica (EFFC) (three populations living in different environments--catle and horse manures, carded substratum). In both speciess of Vermes, 17 AA were determined. Quantitative differences in AA of EFFC from different living conditions are presented. The quantitative AA spectrum of the species EFFC differs with statistical significance from the LR spectrum in 12 cases in the total, in 9 cases with a high significance. In both annelid species examined, leucine and histidine are predominant essential amino acids, the quantitatively lowest value was measured in methionine in all cases. Among non-essential amino acids, glutamic and aspartic acids prevail. Quantitative differences among AA in different populations of EFFC correspond to their living environments.

Preliminary report on the pool of amino acids of the Proteocephalus macrocephalus (Creplin, 1815) (Cestoda, Proteocephalidea) and Bothriocephalus claviceps (Goeze, 1782) (Cestoda, Pseudophyllidea)

F. Tenora, S. Kráčmar, T. Sulgostowska

Abstract

Tenora, F., Kráčmar, S., Sulgostowska T.:

Preliminary report on the pool of amino acids of the Proteocephalus macrocephalus (Creplin, 1815) (Cestoda, Proteocephalidea) and Bothriocephalus claviceps (Goeze, 1782) (Cestoda, Pseudophyllidea).

Acta univ. agric. et silvic. Mendel. Brun. (Brno), 1997, XLV, No. 1, pp.: 35--38

The pool of amino acids (AA) of the Proteocephalus macrocephalus (Creplin, 1815) and Bothriocephalus claviceps (Goeze, 1782) is fixed. With each cestode species 17 AA were determined in the whole. The values of AA in the Cestoda species examined are different with a high significance in 15 AA cases, in one case, they are at he limits of significance (glycine) and only in a single case (cystine), the difference value was insignificant. Except for glutamin acid prevailing in B.claviceps, the other AA possess higher values in P. macrocephalus. In both species, nonessential AA prevailed quantitatively.

The effects of foliar application of Selenium on the amino acid spectrum in potato tubers

V. Koutník, S. Kráčmar, R. Kourek, L. Zeman

Abstract

Koutník, V., Kráčmar, S., Kourek, R., Zeman L.:

The effects of foliar application of Selenium on the amino acid spectrum in potato tubers.

Acta univ. agric. et silvic. Mendel. Brun. (Brno), 1997, XLV, No. 1, pp.: 39--45

The influence of different doses of selenium on the nitrogen substance and aminoacid content was investigated during one year under conditions of typical potato soils (the Czech-Moravian High-land). The pots nutritive-chemical experiment with potatos (variety KRASA) was established in the Potato Research Institute, CZ, Havlíčkův Brod, branch Valečov in 1995. Sodium seleniate was applied to the leaf (foliarly) in the period of prolonged growth, namely in the doses of 0, 3, 6, 12 and 24 mg·kg

^-1

. Five variants (1--5) were formed. The variant 1 served as a control (without selenium complement). Using acidic oxidative hydrolysis, aminoacids in potato bulbs were determined for AAA T 339. The results inform on a relatively high content of non-essential aminoacids (first of all of glutamic and asparagic acids) in comparison with essential acids that contribute mainly to the nutritive value of potatos. The selenium dosis applied foliarly raises increases significantly the contents of serine, histidine, proline and chiefly of cystine in potato tubers.

Pandelleana insularis sp.n. -- an endemic species from Sardinia and additional notes on taxonomy and ecology of several western-mediterranean flesh-flies (Diptera, Sarcophagini)

D. Povolný

Abstract

Povolný, D.:

Pandelleana insularis sp.n. -- an endemic species from Sardinia and additional notes on taxonomy and ecology of several western-mediterranean flesh-flies (Diptera, Sarcophagini).

Acta univ. agric. et silvic. Mendel. Brun. (Brno), 1997, XLV, No. 1, pp.: 47--56

Pandelleana insularis

sp.n., from Sardinia is compared with its south-siberian, xerothermophilous counterpart

Pandelleana protuberans

(Pandellé, 1896). Additional data on genitalia morphology and ecology of the next endemic species from Corsica and Sardinia, viz.

Thyrsocnema corsicana

(Villeneuve, 1911) follow. Taxonomy, ecology and distribution of two western-mediterranean species of flesh-flies, viz.

Heteronychia pandellei

(Rohdendorf, 1937) and

Heteronychia siciliana

(Enderlein, 1928) are discussed. Male genitalia of all treated taxa are figured as well as head chaetotaxy of the new species.

Seasonality and the trend of the occurrence of higher presipitation sums with regard to their erosion effects

F. Toman

Abstract

Toman, F.:

Seasonality and the trend of the occurrence of higher presipitation sums with regard to their erosion effects.

Acta univ. agric. et silvic. Mendel. Brun. (Brno), 1997, XLV, No. 1, pp.: 57--64

For the needs of anti-erosion protection, it is important to know the occurrence and distribution of erosively active rainfall. In this direction, torrential downpours occurring in the Czech Republic within the period starting to the end of April and ending in October are of decisive importance. All daily sums of precipitation higher than 10, 20 and 30 mm were selected to analyze frequencies of the occcurrence of such rainfall (Tab. I). The evaluation was carried out at the climatological station Velké Meziříčí for the period of years 1961--1990. Frequencies of the occurrence of higher daily sums of precipitation were estimated together with the determination of trends of their occurrence (Figs 3 and 4). Frequencies of the occurrence of daily sums of precipitation higher than 10 mm in individual months of the year and their trends are presented in Figs 5 to 11. Annual sums of precipitation and trends of their occurrence within the period of 1961--1990 are given in Fig. 1. The monthly sums of precipitation from April to October as well as their trends are given in Fig. 2. The results of this study indicated an increasing trend to the occurrence of higher daily sums of precipitation, especially those above 20 mm. When evaluating seasonality of the occurrence of daily sums of precipitation above 10 mm, an increasing trend was observed for April, i.e. for the month in which the threat of erosion damage was the highest. It resulted from this observation that the danger of the occurrence of erosion phenomena could be sometimes increased in spite of the fact that the annual sums of precipitation showed a slightly declining tendency. Some characteristics of rainfalls dangerous from the viewpoint of erosion are given in Tab. II. Figs 15 and 16 show trends in the occurrence of these dangerous rainfalls and the seasonality of their occurrence. It results from these data that some higher daily sums of precipitation need not always show the character of such a rainfall which is dangerous from the viewpoint of erosion.

Stanovení faktoru ochranného vlivu vegetace C u ozimých obilnin

F. Toman

Abstract

Toman, F.:

Estimation of factor C of vegetation cover of winter cereals.

Acta univ. agric. et silvic. Mendel. Brun. (Brno), 1997, XLV, No. 1, pp.: 65--69

Erosion damage is becoming one of the major problems of land use in the Czech Republic. In order to propose effective erosion control of the land, it is necessary to know the intensity of the erosion processes. At the present time, a so-called universal equation is used to calculate the wash-off of soil, where the effect of the respective factors is quantified. One of the important factors is the factor of the protective effect of the vegetative cover, known as factor C. The average annual value of factor C must be calculated for concrete agroclimatic conditions. Based on phenological and climatic data, the C factor of the protective effect of cereals was calculated. For better illustration and simple application, maps of isolines of average annual values of factor C for the Czech Republic were elaborated.

Hodnocení ranosti vybraného sortimentu průmyslových rajčat

K. Petříková, R. Pokluda

Abstract

Petříková, K., Pokluda R.:

The evaluation of earliness of selected assortment of processing tomatoes.

Acta univ. agric. et silvic. Mendel. Brun. (Brno), 1997, XLV, No. 1, pp.: 71--75

In the period from 1991 to 1993, an assortment of processing tomato cultivars from abroad was studied (20 cvs. from the Peto Co., 5 cvs. from Asgrow Co.; the Czech cv. Salus was used as a control cultivar). Cultivation of the tomatoes was based on the principles of integrated cultivation, the main evaluation criterion was earliness. The present study gives the results of 6 cultivars from abroad, evaluated as the best. The effect of the weather conditions on earliness, refraction and total yields was found to be highly significant. The cultivars Peto 95 and Hypeel 229 were the earliest ones of the studied assortment. Also their yields were high and, in addition, the cultivar Hypeel 229 showed a high refraction value.

Účinnost organického a konvenčního hnojení na jakost a výnos ozimé pšenice, sladovnického ječmene a brambor

L. Hřivna, M. Pelikán

Abstract

Hřivna, L., Pelikán M.:

The effect of Organic and Conventional Fertilization on the Quality and Yields of Winter Wheat, Malting Barley and Potatoes.

Acta univ. agric. et silvic. Mendel. Brun. (Brno), 1997, XLV, No. 1, pp.: 77--81

In the Czech Republic more attention is now drawn to the use of slurry, which is considered to be a full-value organic fertilizer. If applied correctly and efficiently it improves soil fertility and to a certain extent substitutes industrial fertilizers. In a three-year (1992--1994) field experiment in the potato-growing production region of Žďár nad Sázavou (altitude 550 m, average annual temperature 6.0 °C, annual sum of precipitation 736 mm), we compared the effect of organic fertilization using slurry and conventional fertilization with industrial fertilizers on the yields and technological quality of winter wheat, potatoes and malting barley. The doses of slurry and industrial fertlizers were modified, so the level of the main nutrients (N, P, K) was the same in both variants. In 1992 and 1994, considerable differences were found in the quality and yields of cereals. In these two years, there was a deficit of rain in May and June and temperatures were high during grain maturation. In 1992, the variants of winter wheat fertilized with slurry had a considerably higher content of protein and gluten, and a higher valorimetric value (Tab. II) compared with variants fertilized with industrial fertilizers. Also yields were higher, by 24.8 % on average. In 1993, potato yields were higher after slurry application, however, the dry matter and starch levels were not affected. Slurry appeared to stimulate growth and yields to the detriment of the starch content. The rain deficit in June 1994 (only 14.7 mm) and tropical heat in July dried up the barley grain and negatively affected grain yields of all the variants, as well as the malting quality of barley. Due to the high protein (14.21--15.25 %) and low starch content (57.3--58.9 %), the barley could not be accepted as malting barley (Tab. IV). Yet even in these extreme weather conditions the application of slurry resulted in a lower protein content (14.21--14.28 %) and better malting values (higher extract content, better degradation, higher degree of fermentation and lower protein content). The fertilizing effect of slurry not only increased yields and the quality of the crops, but under unfavourable weather conditions reduced the impact of water and thermal stress.

Výrobnost osevního sledu při různém způsobu hnojení v podmínkách zvýšeného obsahu těžkých kovů v půdě

R. Richter, K. Římovský, J. Hlušek

Abstract

Richter, R., Římovský, K., Hlušek J.:

The productivity of a Crop Rotation under Conventional and Organic Method of Management in Conditions of Increased Content of Heavy Metals in the Soil.

Acta univ. agric. et silvic. Mendel. Brun. (Brno), 1997, XLV, No. 1, pp.: 83--90

In 1992--1995, the productivity of a 4-year crop rotation of winter wheat -- potatoes -- spring barley -- red clover was studied in soils with a natural and increased content of heavy metals, applying conventional and organic methods of management based on year-by-year fertilization with cattle slurry. Compared to conventional management using N, P and K industrial fertilizers, the organic method of management applying cattle slurry and the same level of nutrients increased the productivity of the 4-year crop rotation by 13.75 %. Higher levels of heavy metals in the soil (Cr, Cd, Pb, Hg) reduced crop production and also productivity. A direct correlation was observed between the uptake, and hence the concentration, of heavy metals in the harvested crops and their content in the soil. The uptake of heavy metals from the contaminated soil by plants was confirmed and thus their possible penetration into the food chain.

Základní jatečný rozbor býků montbéliardského plemene

J. Šubrt, J. Mikšík, J. Žižlavský, P. Polách

Abstract

Šubrt, J., Mikšík, J., Žižlavský, J., Polách P.:

Basal Carcass Analysis Breed Montbeliarde Cattle.

Acta univ. agric. et silvic. Mendel. Brun. (Brno), 1997, XLV, No. 1, pp.: 91--98

In foreign parts Montbeliard breed is dual-purpose. This breed has very enhance milk yield. The breeding of Montbeliard breed is for high milk yield. Less information is about his meat production. In this study were published results of slaughter analysis of purebred Montbeliard bulls and of the control group of bulls of Czech Pied cattle. The slaughter analysis were performed first day after their slaughter. There were tested 29 Montbeliard bulls of 9 sires and 24 bulls of Czech Pied cattle of 6 sires. The bulls were fattened from 261 (266) to 526 (524) days of age. Body weight of the tested group was at the and of fattening 559 kg, body weight of the control group 578 kg. Average daily body weight gain in the fattening was 1200 g with not significant higher value of Montbeliard breed. Daily body weight gain from birth to slaughter was not significant higher for bulls of Czech Pied cattle (C = 1036 g, Mo = 996 g). Little differences between groups were calculated for carcass yield (-0.9 %). The significant difference (32 g) was calculated for net body weight gain (p > 0.05). Montbeliard bulls had higher meatiness, but it was determined lower production of the suet with significant difference (p > 0.05 ) in weight of kidney suet (1,1 kg). Index of absolute weight of the internal fat depots in the abdominal and pelvic cavities was for the tested group 82. The positive differences in the weights and yields of ratios of internal organs and various carcass parts in cattle were not observed. The differences between the groups in carcass length and rump circumference being significant and Montbeliard breed (p > 0.05) were worse evaluated than Czech Pied cattle.

Mandelinka dvacetitečná (Chrysomela vigintipunctata SCOP.) -- dosud málo známý škůdce vrb

J. Urban

Abstract

Urban, J.: Chrysomela vigintipunctata Scop.: hitherto a little known pest of willows. Acta univ. agric. et silvic. Mendel. Brun. (Brno), 1997, XLV, No. 1, pp.: 99--116

In 1994--1996, an extensive outbreak of Chrysomela vigintipunctata Scop. occured in the territory of former Czechoslovakia. Particularly Salix fragilis L. and S. x rubens Schr. were damaged due to heavy feeding or total defoliation in riparian stands situated at altitudes from 175 to 400 m. The paper gives main results of the study of gradation of the chrysomelid along the Svitava river in the region of Brno (about 230 m altitude) and along the Černý potok stream in the region of Zlín (about 375 m altitude). The beetles go through a diapause from July to the end of April or the beginning of May of the next year. For the period of four weeks the species perforates young leaves of willows and deposits eggs in groups of 39.3 each on the abaxial face of leaves. Fecundity of the chrysomelid is about 250 eggs. Larvae of the species at first skeletonize and later on perforate leaves of willows. The third-instar larvae pupate on the abaxial face of leaves and on the bark of terminal parts of shoots. The number of pupae on leaves can make up to 25 and on 10-cm shoot terminals up to 50. The development from the oviposition up to hatching young beetles takes five weeks. After two weeks of maturation feeding (from the end of June to the beginning of July), the beetles move to their wintering sites. The development of the chrysomelid is obligatorily univoltine and its sex ratio is 0.5. Of the total damaged leaf area, the first-instar, the second-instar and the third-instar larvae, current year's beetles and last year's beetles account for 0.6, 1.8, 10.1, 21.9 and 65.6 %, respectively. Food consumption of females is 1/4 higher as compared with males.