Obsah čísla 1/1998

Contents of 1/1998

Příspěvek k poznání mandelinky Gonioctena (= Phytodecta) quinquepunctata F. (Chrysomelidae, Coleoptera)

J. Urban

Abstract

Urban, J.: A contribution to the knowledge of a chrysomelid beetle Gonioctena (=Phytodecta) quinquepunctata F. (Chrysomelidae, Coleoptera). Acta univ. agric. et silvic. Mendel. Brun. (Brno), 1998, XLVI, No. 1, pp.: 7--23

In 1995--1997, a surprising gradation occurred of a little known chrysomelid Gonioctena quinquepunctata F. on rowan (Sorbus aucuparia L.) in the Polnička and Škrdlovice Forest Districts (Dr. R. Kinský Forest Enterprise, Žďár n. S.). Its mass outbreak was found on young rowan of natural seeding origin in Norway spruce plantations and on undergrowth shrubby rowan in open intermediate spruce stands. Weevils Phyllobius arborator Hbst. and Strophosoma melanogrammum Först. significantly participated in the heavy feeding and even total defoliation associated with frequent dieback of rowan. The paper deals with the size and colour variability of the beetles and particularly occurrence, development and harmfulness of the chrysomelid beetles and larvae. Males of the chrysomelid are on average 0.63 mm shorter than females. Their abdomen is usually (98 %) pale while in their females is black (90 %). In addition to the nominotypic form, the following aberrations occurred in the localities under study: unicolor Wse., nigriventris Pen., flavicollis Dft., and sorbi Wes. Last year's beetles leave their winter sites at the end of April and at the beginning of June. Ovoviviparous and viviparous females lay their eggs with quite developed embryos or egg larvae on the abaxial face of leaves as early as after some days of intensive feeding on freshly flushed leaves. The fecundity of females is very small (about 25 eggs). The development of the chrysomelid from oviposition up to the departure of mature larvae into the ground for pupation lasts in the open 3 weeks and in the laboratory 11 to 12 days. The feeding of larvae culminates usually in mid-June. The stage of pupa takes about 10 (in the laboratory 6--7) days. Young beetles of the chrysomelid occur on trees from mid-June to the end of August, more rarely up to the beginning of October. While last year's beetles die in the course of the growing season this year's beetles (after undergoing the maturation feeding) overwinter and reproduce as late as in the spring of the next year. Part of the population (1--4 %) of last year's (and to a smaller extent also this year's) beetles is killed by insect endoparasitoids (mostly Medina luctuosa Meig.). Last year's beetles, larvae and this year's beetles damage on average 580, 300 and 650 mm² of rowan leaves, respectively. The most serious damage for host trees is caused by feeding carried out in the first half of the growing season.

Posouzení kapitálových vkladů do lesa z pohledu Školy čistého výnosu z půdy v současných ekonomických podmínkách

P. Mikulenka

Abstract

Mikulenka, P.:

An evaluation of the investments into a forest from the perspective of a school of the net cash flow from a land in present economic conditions.

Acta univ. agric. et silvic. Mendel. Brun. (Brno), 1998, XLVI, No. 1, pp.: 25--33

The article includes an evaluation of the investments into a forest from the perspective of a school of the net cash flow from a land. It formulates the theoretical departure points of a mathematical apparatus and defines the conditions and methods of practical application. The model is verified in the conditions of the Training Forest Enterprise "Masaryk Forest" of MZLU in Brno, which is alocated in Křtiny. The results are judged with regard to the current economic situation in forestry of the Czech Republic. Attention is given particularly to the changes of the maximum cash flow rotation periods with regard to used interest rate and to the problems of the negative expected value of forest lands.

Vliv koncentrace a způsobu aplikace cytokininu, auxinu a giberelinu na odlučování řapíků Ligustrum vulgare.

J. Šebánek, Š. Klíčová

Abstract

Šebánek, J., Klíčová, Š.: The effect of the concentration and method of application of cytokinin, auxin and giberellin on the abscission of Ligustrum vulgare petioles.. Acta univ. agric. et silvic. Mendel. Brun. (Brno), 1998, XLVI, No. 1, pp.: 35--42

The abscission of petioles following amputation of leaf blades was studied on Ligustrum vulgare shoots. Plant hormones were applied in the form of lanolin paste either onto the cutting surface of the petioles after cutting off the leaf blades (distally to the abscission layer) or onto the cutting surface after cutting the apical part of the shoot (proximally to the abscission layer). The cytokinin benzyladenine (BA) applied distally inhibited petiole abscission in concentrations of 5·10^--1 to 1·10^--7% in the lanolin, but only 5·10^--1% when applied proximally. Shoot bases were immersed into a gibberellin solution; it was found that a concentration of 5·10^--3% gibberellin accelerated abscission and decreased the inhibiting effect of BA on abscission. Concentrations of 5·10^--1 to 1·10^--11 % of indolyl-3-acetic acid (IAA) in lanolin retarded petiole abscission when applied distally. Also proximal application of IAA retarded abscission, i.e. in concentrations of 5·10^--1 to 1·10^--3%. IAA, into a solution of which the basal parts of shoots were immersed, also retarded petiole abscission, i.e. in concentrations of 5·10^--3 to 5·10^--4 %. The results were discussed in terms of the role of cytokinins in leaf senescence and the role of endogenous auxin in leaf abscission.

Sarcophaga panormi sp.n., Pandelleana siciliae sp.n. and Thyrsocnema solitaria sp.n. -- three endemic species from Sicily and additional notes on some Mediterranean flesh-flies (Diptera, Sarcophagidae)

D. Povolný

Abstract

Povolný, D.: Sarcophaga panormi sp. n., Pandelleana siciliae sp. n. and Thyrsocnema solitaria sp. n. -- three endemic species from Sicily and additional notes on some Mediterranean flesh-flies (Diptera, Sarcophagini). (in English) . Acta univ. agric. et silvic. Mendel. Brun. (Brno), 1998, XLVI, No. 1, pp.: 43--55

Sarcophaga panormi sp.n., Pandelleana siciliae sp.n. and Thyrsocnema solitaria sp.n. representing obviously endemic species of Sicily are described and compared with their counterparts from European continent, viz Sarcophaga subvicina Rohd., Pandelleana protuberans (Pand.), Pandelleana insularis Pov. and Thyrsocnema incisilobata (Pand.), and with other possibly related taxa. Additional taxonomic, faunistic and distributional data are published on Mediterranean species Heteronychia (Ctenodasypygia) siciliensis (Böttcher, 1913) and Heteronychia (Ctenodasypygia) minima (Rondani, 1862). Some characteristic flesh-fly associations from Sicily are discussed and male genitalia of the treated taxa are figured.

Several comments to the systematic status of certain genera from anoplocephalinae (cestoda), parasites of rodentia and lagomorpha

F. Tenora

Abstract

Tenora, F.:

Several comments to the systematic status of certain genera from Anoplocephalinae (Cestoda), parasites of Rodentia and Lagomorpha (in English).

Acta univ. agric. et silvic. Mendel. Brun. (Brno), 1998, XLVI, No. 1, pp.: 57--72

The study presents a revision of the material of the species Andrya macrocephala Douthitt, 1915. The genus Aprostatandrya (Kirschenblat, 1938) is rehabilitated with the type species A. macrocephala (Douthitt, 1915) Spasskii, 1951. The attention is drawn to that Geomys bursarius (Rodentia) in the USA is parasitized by 2 cestode species from the subfamily Anoplocephalinae, namely A. macrocephala and Paranoplocephala sp. The study recommends a further revision of A. macrocephala material, published not only from the territory of the USA but also from the Palaearctic Region, respecting the description of the latter species by Douthitt (1915). Presented are completing descritions of the genera Paranoplocephala Lühe, 1910 and Andrya Railliet, 1893. The revision also assumes to be very likely that the genus Parandrya Gulyaev et Tchechulin, 1996 is a synonym of Aprostatandrya (Kirschenblat, 1938) Spasskii, 1951 emend. Regards the necessity to revise the other published material of the species from the respective genera (with respect to their generic characteristics), frequently only a preliminary, not definitive, but probable classification of the known species from the genera Andrya, Paranoplocephala, Aprostatandrya and Parandrya is done.

A change in the factor of protective effect of vegetation cover from the viewpoint of possible climate change

F. Toman

Abstract

Toman, F.:

A change in the factor of protective effect of vegetation cover from the viewpoint of possible climate change (in English).

Acta univ. agric. et silvic. Mendel. Brun. (Brno), 1998, XLVI, No. 1, pp.: 73--78

Erosion damage is becoming one of the major problems of land use in the Czech Republic. In order to propose effective erosion control of the land, it is necessary to know the intensity of the erosion processes. At the present time, a so-called universal equation is used to calculate the wash-off of soil, where the effect of the respective factors is quantified. One of the important factors is the factor of the protective effect of the vegetative cover, known as factor C. The average annual value of factor C must be calculated for concrete agroclimatic conditions. The effect of agricultural crops on erosion control is dependent on the time of sowing (planting), length of the vegetation period, sequence in the crop rotation and the used technology of cultivation. The protective effect of the vegetation is also dependent on the occurrence of heavy rainfall causing erosion in the respective months, particularly in spring. The potential climate change will probably affect the time of sowing (planting) and, subsequently the erosion control effect during the vegetation period. For instance the increased average temperatures could shift the time of sowing to early March, increasing the protective effect of barley during the onset of the first rains causing erosion. Based on phenological and climatic data, the C factor of the protective effect of cereals was calculated using method of Wischmeier -- Smith (Tab. I). For better illustration and simple application, maps of isolines of average annual values of factor C for the region of South Moravia were elaborated (Fig. 1--4).

Activation of laboratory-reared bumblebee queens (Hymenoptera: Apidae, Bombus spp.)

A. Přidal, J. Hofbauer

Abstract

Přidal, A., Hofbauer, J.: Activation of laboratory-reared bumblebee queens ( Hymenoptera: Apidae, Bombus spp.) (in English). Acta univ. agric. et silvic. Mendel. Brun. (Brno), 1998, XLVI, No. 1, pp.: 79--84

In the Forage Crop Research Institute, the activation of queens of laboratory-reared bumblebees (B. terrestris and B. lucorum) was tested using male cocoons, photoperiod and social contact between queens. Neither the food enriched with vitamin D, dried egg yolk or honey nor photoperiod affected oviposition of the queens. The queens established their nests only rarely, but after the insert (after 2 months) of male cocoons they started their oviposition. On average 20 % of the queens did not lay an egg even after repeated insert of the cocoon, the queens ignored the cocoon only sporadically. The placing of queens in pairs was not a sufficient stimulus to their activation. Nonetheless, an accidental experiment in combination with these two stimuli encouraged the immediate location of the queens on the cocoons provided. The number of accepted cocoons was higher in queens with longer "precocoons" period than in queens with shorter this period. With one exception the colonies did not raise a higher number of young queens. In a total of 68 reared colonies it was never observed that only males appeared in the first brood. The colonies of B. lucorum come soon into switch point, develop only weak colonies and are consequently not suitable for laboratory rearing and for pollination purposes. Without social stimuli, the queens of B. pascuorum and B. hypnorum established nests in the laboratory within one week, but the brood never completed its development. They did not accept the cocoons of B. terrestris and B. lucorum. The method of cocoon activation cocoons is also associated with larval blackening in the first brood. Other potential physiological aspects of queen activation are discussed.

Tvorba pylových embryí a zelených rostlin v prašníkových kulturách vybraných genotypů Ječmene (Hordeum vulgare L.)

T. Vyhnánek, L. Ohnoutková, J. Bednář

Abstract

Vyhnánek T., Ohnoutková L., Bednář J.: Formation of pollen embryos and green plants in anther cultures of selected genotypes in barley (Hordeum vulgare L.). Acta univ. agric. et silvic. Mendel. Brun. (Brno), 1998, XLVI, No. 1, pp.: 85--88

In vitro androgenesis was applied to induce development of haploid and doubled haploid plants of spring barley, genotype HE 5038 as a female component in F1--hybrids, and of two--row winter barley, variety Monaco using anther cultures in vitro. Anthers were cultured on modified medium MN6. The anthers were taken at the first pollen mitosis when micro--spores were at the one--nucleus medium and late stage. The responsibility ranged from 16.0 to 63.4 anthers per 100 cultured anthers. Regeneration of green plants ranged from 2.1 to 4.2 per 100 cultured anthers and regeneration of albinotic plants was 3.2 to 13.8 per 100 cultured anthers in dependence on the genotype of a donor plant. Ploidy of androgenic regenerants was assessed using a flow cytometer PARTEC PAS II. A method of flow cytometry confirmed production of regenerants of different ploidy levels (haploids, doubled haploids, tetrahaploids). The studied spring barleys gave 72% of spontaneous doubled haploids and 28% of haploids. Winter barley variety Monaco exhibited 75% of spontaneous doubled haploids and 25% spontaneous tetrahaploids.

Produkční systémy netradičního chovu skotu a ovcí v nížinných oblastech

J. Žižlavský, F. Horák, S. Žižlavská

Abstract

Žižlavský, J.,Horák, F., Žižlavská S.:

Production systems of unconventional cattle and sheep breeding in lowland regions.

Acta univ. agric. et silvic. Mendel. Brun. (Brno), 1998, XLVI, No. 1, pp.: 89--97

The objective of the present study was an attempt to use intentionally grassed soils in lowland regions applying unconventional production systems for grazing cattle and sheep together. The results from two winter seasons and three grazing periods showed that in order to implement this intention it would be necessary to optimise the relation between the pasture ground and reaction of animals with regard to the natural and climatic conditions. The loading of the pasture must be subjected to its grazing capacity. During the whole season of grazing cattle and sheep together the best results were obtained when the weight ratio was ca 80% cattle and 20% sheep. The following cattle breeds proved to be the best for joint grazing of cattle and sheep without commercial milk production: Bohemian Spotted, Hereford, Charolais, Aquitaine Blond, Limousin, Aberdeen Angus. The best sheep breed was Charollais and its hybrids with a proportion of blood of more than 74%, and the following meat breeds: Charollais, Kent, and/or hybrids of Merino with these breeds. Basing on the acquired information continual and non--continual production systems were proposed. When we started the continual production system the pasture was loaded with animals that continually utilise the grazing ground as long as possible. With this system 63% of the total pasture yield was grazed, 30% was cut and dried, 7% was cut ungrazed grass. When applying the non-continual production system the loading of the pasture was adapted to the dynamics of growth of the pasture mass; 84%, and/or 94%, of the total pasture yield was grazed, 15%, and/or 2%, were cut, 1%, and/or 4%, was the cut ungrazed grass. Economic evaluation of the model variants of both production systems showed that economic overwintering of both animals species is necessary. Under conditions of the Czech Republic no profits can be expected without subsidies in the two variants of production systems. Losses are lower when applying the non-continuous grazing production system. The difference is based on cuts of the costs for fencing, cutting, drying and other agrotechnical interventions in the stand. The more favourable economic results of the non-continuous grazing method also influence the higher prices for lambs.

Společenstva masařek ve zlatníkovských vegetačních stupních střední Evropy (Diptera, Sarcophagidae)

D. Povolný, V. Znojil

Abstract

Povolný, D., Znojil, V.:

Flesh-fly associations in vegetation tiers of Central Europe defined by Zlatník .

Acta univ. agric. et silvic. Mendel. Brun. (Brno), 1998, XLVI, No. 1, pp.: 99--109

After 40 years of investigations an attempt is made at characterizing flesh-fly taxocenoses in nine vegetation tiers of Central Europe defined by Zlatník (1963). The aim of this paper is to use both flesh-fly associations and individual taxa as bioindicators of both preserved and disintegrated habitats. The above vegetation tiers comprise 180 selected habitats in which about 100 taxa represented by some 250 thousand individuals were captured in their hilltopping aggregations. These habitats form a transsect of Central European landscape extending from Hungarian Hortobágy and crossing Slovakia, Moravia, Bohemia and Thuringia including hypsometrical aspect of landscape. Some 30--36 species of flesh-flies s. str. (tribe Sarcophagini) show ecological preconditions important for bioindication. The methodical approach is demonstrated on selected habitats of calciphilic character with use of TWINSPAN and DCA, and presented in table 3.

Vliv teploty na sorpční izotermy lístků štírovníku růžkatého Lotus Corniculatus L.

J. Štencl, J. Gotthardová, V. Sladký

Abstract

Štencl, J., Gotthardová, J., Sladký, V.:

The influence of temperature on sorption isotherms of leafs of Lotus corniculatus L..

Acta univ. agric. et silvic. Mendel. Brun. (Brno), 1998, XLVI, No. 1, pp.: 111--118

This paper presents results of laboratory water sorption tests of leafs of

Lotus corniculatus

L. carrying out under laboratory conditions and analyses of obtained sorption isotherms. An experimental procedure used was an indirect gravimetric dynamic method with continuous registration of sample weight changes. Air temperatures of 30, 35, 40, 45 and 50 °C and relative air humidities of 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90 and 100% were used to obtain equilibrium moisture content data of tested material. Eight sample equilibrium moisture content/equilibrium relative air humidity equations (Oswin, Smith, Halsey, Hendersen, Chung--Pfost, Iglesias--Chirife and Experimental model Exponential and Powerial) were evaluated for their ability to fit data for the leafs. The Experimental-Exponential equation was a good model for description of water adsorption and Experimental-Powerial equation was a good model for desorption of leafs of

Lotus corniculatus

L. in conditions of realized tests.

A study of relations within the genus Nicotiana using the aminoacid spectrum

S. Kráčmar, B. Jandáková, L. Zeman, B. Minařík

Abstract

Kráčmar, S., Jandáková, B., Zeman, L., Minařík, B.: A study of relations within the genus Nicotiana using the aminoacid spectrum (in English). Acta univ. agric. et silvic. Mendel. Brun. (Brno), 1998, XLVI, No. 1, pp.: 119--128

In the species N. tabacum L., N. sylvestris, N. tomentosiformis and N. otophora, the plant aminoacid spectrum was studied in the growing phases of 5--6 leaves, 8 leaves, 10--11 leaves and of inflorescence formation. The highest values of nitrogen subtances and aminoacids were registered in N. tomentosiformis, the lowest ones were in the N. otophora during the whole period of examinations. In N. tabacum and N. sylvestris, except for the growing phase of 8 leaves, close aminoacid contents were determined. In all species, the highest contents of glutamic and asparagic acids were registered during the period of examinations. In N. tabacum and N. sylvestris, high contents of leucine and phenylalanin were found as compared with the other aminoacids during all growing phases, in contrast to that, the content of isoleucine was in both species low. Using the method of ray graphs, a close relationship between N. tabacum and N. sylvestris in their growing phases of 5--6 and 10--11 leaves, a significant similarity in the growing phase of 8 leaves and similarity in the growing phase of inflorescence formation were recorded.

Notes on the morphology of the japanese isolate of Echinococcus multilocularis (Cestoda)

F. Tenora, S. Ganzorig, M. Kamiya

Abstract

Tenora, F., Ganzorig, S., Kamiya, M.:

Notes on the morphology of the japanese isolate of Echinococcus multilocularis (Cestoda) (in English).

Acta univ. agric. et silvic. Mendel. Brun. (Brno), 1998, XLVI, No. 1, pp.: 129--135

Japanese isolate of Echinococcus multilocularis (EM) from Clethrionomys rufocanus bedfordiae into two different hosts was inoculated. From Mesocricetus auratus, the adult forms of EM (EMAM) and from Sigmodon hispidus, the protoscolices of EM (EMPS) were studied. EMAM isolate is characterized by 30--35 hooks on the rostellum, the large ones are 0.027-0.030 mm and the small ones are 0.022--0.024 mm long, accessory elements present. The EMPS isolate is characterized by 22-32 hooks on the rostellum, the large ones are 0.026-0.029 mm and the small ones are 0.023-0.025 mm long, accessory elements absent. Using the scanning electron microscopy, we found in adult specimens EMAM that their body is covered by three types of microtriches depending on different regions of their distribution: 1 -- rostellum, 2 -- suckers, 3 -- segments and scolex. It was also documented that in EMAM the contraction of the neck and of the immature strobilar region was stronger than that of the gravid strobila where only slight contraction was observed.

Comparison of five equilibrium moisture content equations for dried onion slices

J. Štencl, J. Gotthardová, P. Homola

Abstract

Štencl, J., Gotthardová, J., Homola P.: Comparison of five equilibrium moisture content equations for dried onion slices (in English). Acta univ. agric. et silvic. Mendel. Brun. (Brno), 1998, XLVI, No. 1, pp.: 137--143

The effect of temperature and relative air humidity on equilibrium moisture content of onion (Allium cepa L.) slices under adsorptive and desorptive conditions were investigated. Nominal air temperatures of 30, 35, 40, 45, 50 and 55 °C and relative air humidities of 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90 and 100% were used to obtain equilibrium moisture content data. An experimental procedure was a gravimetric dynamic method with continuous registration of sample weigh changes. Five equilibrium moisture content/equilibrium relative air humidity equations (GAB, Halsey, Henderson, Chung--Pfost and Oswin, ) were evaluated for their ability to fit data for dried onion slices. Comparisons were based on coefficient of determination, root mean square error and AIC criterion. The modified Henderson equation was a good model for onion slices both for adsorption and desorption.

Compatibility, relative advantage and cost characteristics: a study of factors influencing acceptance of soybean

S.O. Apantaku, F.S. Apantaku

Abstract

Apantaku, S.O., Apantaku, F.S.: Compatibility, relative advantage and cost characteristics: a study of factors influencing acceptance of soybean (in English). Acta univ. agric. et silvic. Mendel. Brun. (Brno), 1998, XLVI, No. 1, pp.: 145--149

Soybean (Glycine max. L. Merrill) is a crop with a great potential for alleviation of protein malnutrition in Nigeria. However, it has not been satisfactorily accepted in Ogun State. The aim of the study was therefore to evaluate the relationship between the taste of soybean products, cooking time, harvesting and processing demands, cost of production, profit and utilization potentials as perceived farmers, and acceptance of soybean by them. Results indicated significant relationships with all the variables except harvesting and processing demands. Recommendations made included extension education of farmers in the State about the potentials of soybean, the need for food scientists and technologists to develop processing methods which will remove the unpleasant flavour of soybean milk, to eat the crop in mixture or soups, and for crop breeders to develop varieties which would have shorter and acceptable cooking time.