Acta Universitatis - Content of 6/2011

Obsah čísla 6/2011

Contents of 6/2011

Autumn terms of sowing of turf grasses and legumes and their initial development

Ambruz, J., Hejduk, S.: Autumn terms of sowing of turf grasses and legumes and their initial development.Acta univ. agric. et silvic. Mendel. Brun., 2011, LIX, No. 6, pp. 9--16
The most frequent way to establish turfgrass in the climatic conditions of the Czech Republic is sowing during spring period. The seedlings are endangered by lack of soil moisture and by high temperatures if irrigation is no available. One of the possibilities how to increase probability of successful turfgrass establishment in warm areas which suffer by low amount of precipitation is autumn term of sowing. Eight grass species and subspecies and two legumes were sown in three autumn terms (September, October and November) during 2009 and 2010. The shortest time for seedling emergence was found in average of all terms at Medicago lupulina and Trifolium repens (9 days). Lolium perenne (14) and Festuca arundinacea (17) were the fastest emerged grasses. On the other hand the longest emergence time was realised at Poa pratensis (23), Festuca rubra ssp. trichophyla (22) and Festuca ovina (21). Plants sown in September emerged in 10 days, in October 12 and in November in 29 days. September term was suitable for all used species but November term underwent most successfully Festuca rubra ssp. commutata (23% soil cover in April next year) and Lolium perenne (19%). November term was not acceptable for legumes.
turfgrass, overwintering, autumn sowing, grasses and legumes

The effect of inorganic and organic form of zinc on digestibility of nutrients in dairy cows in three stages of reproductive cycle

Balabánová, M., Hošková, Š., Zeman, L.: The effect of inorganic and organic form of zinc on digestibility of nutrients in dairy cows in three stages of reproductive cycle.Acta univ. agric. et silvic. Mendel. Brun., 2011, LIX, No. 6, pp. 17--24
The aim of our experiment was to compare the effect of feeding inorganic and organic forms of zinc in premix on the coefficient of digestibility of nutrients in the feeding ration for cows in three stages of reproductive cycle -- 14 d before calving and 30 and 60 d after calving. The experiment was carried out on 19 Holstein cows that were divided into two groups. A control group of nine cows designated as "Inorganic zinc form" (IZF) was fed a diet supplemented with mineral premix containing inorganic form of zinc (ZnO). An experimental group of ten cows designated as "Organic zinc form" (OZF) had zinc oxide replaced with zinc fixed to methionine (Khei-chelate Zn powder 15% by Kheiron). The experiment was divided into three periods - the first period lasted from 14th day before calving until 2nd day after calving, the second period lasted from 3rd day to 30th day after calving and the third period lasted from 31st day to 60th day after calving. Cows were fed the diet based on maize silage, lucerne haylage, sugar beet pulp silage, grass or lucerne hay and concentrate containing premix with either inorganic or organic zinc form. During the experiment samples of feeding ration and faeces were taken in 3 intervals, it si on 14th day before calving, on 30th day and on 60th day after calving to determine nutrients content. Digestibility of nutrients was calculated using indicator method (ash insoluble in 3 M HCl). After feeding organic forms of zinc a tendency to higher digestibility of crude protein, fat, crude fiber, nitrogen-free extracts, ash and zinc was observed in cows regardless of stage of reproductive cycle. The digestibility of the zinc and fiber were the most increased. Digestibility of zinc in OZF on 14th day before calving was higher than in IZF (P < 0.05). Feeding of organic zinc forms had downward effect only on the digestibility of copper.
crude protein, crude fiber, fat, ash, copper

Water stability of soil aggregates in different systems of Chernozem tillage

Bartlová, J., Badalíková, B.: Water stability of soil aggregates in different systems of Chernozem tillage.Acta univ. agric. et silvic. Mendel. Brun., 2011, LIX, No. 6, pp. 25--30
Effects of various agrotechnical measures on macrostructural changes in the ploughing layer and subsoil were studied within the period of 2008--2010. Soil macrostructure was evaluated on the base of water stability of soil aggregates. Altogether three variants of soil tillage were established, viz. ploughing to the depth of 0.22 m (Variant 1), deep soil loosening to the depth of 0.35--0.40 m (Variant 2), and shallow tillage to the depth of 0.15 m (Variant 3). Experiments were established on a field with Modal Chernozem in the locality Hrušovany nad Jevišovkou (maize-growing region, altitude of 210 m, average annual sum of precipitation 461 mm). In the first experimental year, winter rape was the cultivated crop and it was followed by winter wheat, maize and spring wheat in subsequent years. The aim of this study was to evaluate effects of different methods of tillage on water stability of soil aggregates and on yields of individual crops. An overall analysis of results revealed a positive effect of cultivation without ploughing on water stability of soil aggregates. In the variant with ploughing was found out a statistically significant decrease of this stability. At the same time it was also found out that both minimum tillage and deep soil loosening showed a positive effect on yields of crops under study (above all of maize and winter wheat).
soil tillage, water stability of aggregates, Chernozem, yield

Evaluation of vegetative phenological stages in a spruce monoculture depending on parameters of the environment

Bednářová, E., Merklová, L.: Evaluation of vegetative phenological stages in a spruce monoculture depending on parameters of the environment.Acta univ. agric. et silvic. Mendel. Brun., 2011, LIX, No. 6, pp. 31--36 Vegetative phenological stages were evaluated in a spruce monoculture of the third age class in the region of the Drahanská vrchovina Upland. Methods of the ČHMÚ (Czech Hydro-Meteorological Office) were used. Temperature requirements of Norway spruce for the onset of particular phenological stages were evaluated on the basis of sums of air effective temperatures higher than 5 oC and at soil temperatures, values exceeding 1 oC were taken into account. In the paper, years 2005 to 2007 were evaluated. Results obtained were compared with long-term monitoring for the period 1991--2004. The onset and duration of phenological stages differed in particular years depending on the course of weather. Evaluation of the 17-year period shows that onsets of phenological stages in particular years differed markedly. An interval for the "onset of budbreak stage" was 13 days, at the "stage of 50% foliation" 14 days, the "stage of 100% foliation" 17 days. At the stage "full foliation", the interval amounts to 33 days in the period 1991 to 2007. The start of budbreak and foliation is affected by air and soil temperatures, which was also proved by statistical evaluations. High dependence between the onset of budbreak and air temperatures is confirmed by statistically significant correlation coefficients R2 = 0.854 (2005--2007) and R2 = 0.754 (1991--2004). Dependence of the onset of budbreak and foliation on the soil temperature is proved by a correlation coefficient R2 = 0.658 (2005 to 2007) and R2 = 0.687 in the period 1991 to 2004. Results show that in recent years, the earlier onset of spring phenological stages occurs at the higher sum of effective temperatures. The length of their duration shortens. phenological stages, effective temperature, weather, temperature sum, Norway spruce (Picea abies /L./Karst.), monoculture, environment

Effect of bulls' breed, age and body condition score on quantitative and qualitative traits of their semen

Beran, J., Stádník, L., Ducháček, J., Toušová, R., Louda, F., Štolc, L.: Effect of bulls' breed, age and body condition score on quantitative and qualitative traits of their semen.Acta univ. agric. et silvic. Mendel. Brun., 2011, LIX, No. 6, pp. 37--44
The objectives of this study were to determine and evaluate effect of breed, age and body condition score (BCS) on qualitative and quantitative parameters of bull's ejaculate. In total, 16 Holstein (H) and 15 Czech Fleckvieh (F) bulls were collected in September 2009 and May 2010. Volume of semen samples, sperm concentration and percentage of motile spermatozoa were evaluated immediately after collecting. Sperm motility was also evaluated after diluting and freezing/thawing of AI doses and subsequently during the short-term test of sperm survival. Percentages of live and pathologic sperm before diluting also were evaluated. The data set was analyzed using a generalized linear model in SAS/STAT software. A statistically significant effect of the breed, age and body condition on qualitative and quantitative traits of bull's sperm were determined (P < 0.05--0.01). Sperm activity after collection, dilution and freezing/thawing had significantly decreasing character.
bull semen, Holstein, Czech Fleckvieh, sperm survival

Evaluation of the effectiveness of a thermal hygienization reactor

Borski, D.: Evaluation of the effectiveness of a thermal hygienization reactor.Acta univ. agric. et silvic. Mendel. Brun., 2011, LIX, No. 6, pp. 45--52
For reasons of limiting the spread of serious transmissible diseases, with regard to the requirement for reducing landfill of biodegradable waste (which may or contains animal by-products and thus presents a potential risk to human and animal health) and with a focus on supporting its separate collection, there has been created a legal framework for processing and hygienization of materials containing animal by-products. For the above reasons new technologies are being developed and implemented. These technologies are able to ensure the processing of biological waste containing animal by-products. As a practical result of the effort to ensure the hygienization of biowaste, a hygienization unit of own design, which uses the thermal way of hygienization, is presented in this work. The general part of the work defines a legislative framework for the assignment and gives technical parameters and minimum requirements for conversion that hygienization unit should be able to perform, including the limits for digestion residues and compost. In the experimental section there are described operational tests which document the technological process of hygienization depending on the aeration of the contents of the reactor. Experiment III outlines the validation process which uses contamination by indicator organisms, including subsequent checking of their occurrence as well as processing of the results of experiments and evaluation of the process of hygienization.
animal by-products, hygienization, biodegradable waste

The influence intenzity of eutrophication on fishpond yield

Brabec, T., Straková, L., Kopp, R., Vítek, T., Šťastný, J., Spurný, P., Mareš, J.: The influence intenzity of eutrophication on fishpond yield.Acta univ. agric. et silvic. Mendel. Brun., 2011, LIX, No. 6, pp. 53--62
Fish ponds have been always built for purpose of fish farming and some additional functions. We evaluated fish farming operation (in years 1990--2007) on the Sykovec and Medlov pond in altitude 700 meters above sea level and Jaroslavický dolní pond in altitude 200 m. The samples for hydrochemical and hydrobiological analyses were taken regularly at monthly intervals in 2008. We chose some parameters as a total nitrogen (NT), total phosphor (PT), chlorophyll-a and chemical oxygen demand (COD) and structure of phytoplankton which has an impact on fish production. We compared our result with former research work from 1996--1997. Higher levels of monitored parameters have got a negative effect on spectrum of fish kind in managed fishponds.
fish pond, fisherymanagenent, cyanobacteria, eutrophication

Mathematical descriptive characteristics of potato tubers' shape

Bubeníčková, A., Simeonovová, J., Kumbár, V., Jůzl, M., Nedomová, Š.: Mathematical descriptive characteristics of potato tubers' shape.Acta univ. agric. et silvic. Mendel. Brun., 2011, LIX, No. 6, pp. 63--68
Precise modeling of sorting, manipulation, and transport processes of potatoes are conditioned by exact knowledge of tubers shape geometrical characteristics. The paper presents and quantifies some mathematical descriptive characteristics of potatoes. Ten selected varieties of potato tubers were analyzed. The basic dimensions were used for calculation of geometric mean diameter and volume. The maximum/minimum values were in both cases found for the same variety, Karin and Vera respectively. Calculated sphericity ranged from 0.007732 to 0.009803 for Krasa and Marilyn. The contour profiles were calculated by use of descriptive function and satisfying correlation (r2 up to 0.9972) between computed and measured values was achieved. Radius of curvature was determined and evaluated in several positions. No statistically significant dependences of differences in curvature radius on neither variety nor position was found.
geometrical characteristics, radius of curvature, potato tubers, image analysis

Notes on distribution of Bombus cryptarum (Hymenoptera, Apoidea) in Moravian territory (Czech Republic) and its laboratory rearing

Bučánková, A., Komzáková, O., Cholastová, T., Ptáček, V.: Notes on distribution of Bombus cryptarum (Hymenoptera, Apoidea) in Moravian territory (Czech Republic) and its laboratory rearing.Acta univ. agric. et silvic. Mendel. Brun., 2011, LIX, No. 6, pp. 69--74
B. cryptarum and B. magnus are among the so-called cryptic species whose identification is very difficult due to high interspecific variability of their morphological characteristics. This greatly limits possibilities for studying their biology, bionomics and ecology. The aim of this research was to contribute to knowledge about distribution of B. cryptarum in Moravia (Czech Republic) and to verify the possibility of its laboratory rearing. During 2006--2009, 26 collections were performed at Moravian localities. Of the 17 specimens that were assigned to B. cryptarum or B. aff. cryptarum based on morphology, the molecular analysis of mtDNA RFLP confirmed the identification of 10 speciemens. The molecular analysis even assigned to B. cryptarum one specimen determined morphologically as B. aff. magnus. Of four queens captured in spring, and while applying a laboratory method used for breeding of B. terrestris, two complete nests were successfully reared, including queens of the 2nd generation that then set up their own brood. Species identification of these queens as B. cryptarum was confirmed by both molecular analysis and analysis of the marking pheromones of males among their offspring. A single B. terrestris worker was able to raise young queens of B. cryptarum of the brood.
Czech Republic, Moravian territory, faunistics, rearing, bumblebees, cryptic species, Bombus cryptarum, DNA analyses

Evaluating of selected parameters of composting process by composting of grape pomace

Burg, P., Zemánek, P., Michálek, M.: Evaluating of selected parameters of composting process by composting of grape pomace.Acta univ. agric. et silvic. Mendel. Brun., 2011, LIX, No. 6, pp. 75--80
In Europe, there is annually available 8 million tons of grape pomace. From the viewpoint of waste management, pomace represents biotic waste produced in the FDM (Food--Drink--Milk) sector. Composting process represents an effective use of grape pomace. Introduced experiment deals with monitoring of the composting process of grape pomace provided by 2 different variants of different composition of composting piles. Obtained results indicate that dynamics of process is affected by the share of raw materials. According to the temperature curve characteristics, the temperature above 45 0C for at least 5 days was necessary for compost sanitation. Such temperature was achieved in piles with higher proportion of pomace (Var.II). Analysis of results shows that the compost made ​​of grape pomace is a quality organic fertilizer, which may have in addition to agronomic point of view also great hygienic and ecological importance.
compost, composting, grape pomace

Effect of organic farming on selected raw cow milk components and properties

Cermanová, I., Hanuš, O., Roubal, P., Vyletělová, M., Genčurová, V., Jedelská, R., Kopecký, J., Dolínková, A.: Effect of organic farming on selected raw cow milk components and properties.Acta univ. agric. et silvic. Mendel. Brun., 2011, LIX, No. 6, pp. 81--92
Organic dairying is an alternative for friendly exploitation of environment. This paper was focused on impacts of organic dairying on milk composition and properties. The conventional (C) cow milk was compared to organic (O) milk. Holstein bulk milk samples (BMSs) from winter and summer season in 4 C and 4 O (n = 32 and 32 BMSs; 2 years) herds were investigated. 6 herds were grazed and 2 C herds were not grazed. Mean O cow milk yield (MY, 305 lactation days) was 7037.3 +- 421.5 and C MY 7015.8 +- 1068.1 kg. Higher values (P < 0.05) in O milk had: log acetone (0.7321 > 0.6048); titration acidity (8.34 > 7.82 ml 0.25 mol.l−1 NaOH); alcohol stability (0.6 > 0.44 ml); time for enzymatic coagulation (150.75 > 115.03 second); whey protein (0.54 > 0.49%); fat/crude protein (1.2 > 1.15); milk fermentation ability (FAM) by titration (31.45 > 22.18 ml 0.25 mol.l−1 NaOH). Lower values (P < 0.05) in O milk had: solids--not--fat (8.64 < 8.73%); urea content (19.91 < 29.03 mg.100ml−1); electrical conductivity (3.66 < 4.08 mS.cm−1); whey volume (32.03 < 34.53 ml); crude protein (3.16 < 3.25%); casein (2.47 < 2.58%); non--protein nitrogen compounds (0.15 < 0.18%); urea nitrogen in non-protein nitrogen ratio (40.81 < 49.0%); casein numbers for crude protein and true protein (78.12 < 79.58 and 81.99 < 84.11%); coli bacteria count in normal and logarithm form (330.56 < 1502.92 CFU.ml−1 and 1.484 < 2.5823); actual yoghurt acidity (4.71 < 4.8). O cows suffered probably from lower energy and nitrogen compounds intake due to feeding under mentioned conditions. O milk could be a little better environment for yoghurt cultivation.
organic dairying, cow, milk, fat, protein, somatic cell count, acetone, urea, citric acid, technological properties

Production effect of different commercial feeds on juvenile tench (Tinca tinca L.) under the intensive rearing conditions C

ileček, M., Baránek, V., Vítek, T., Kopp, R., Mareš, J.: Production effect of different commercial feeds on juvenile tench (Tinca tinca L.) under the intensive rearing conditions.Acta univ. agric. et silvic. Mendel. Brun., 2011, LIX, No. 6, pp. 93--98
Feeding experiment with juvenile tench was focused on evaluation of production effect of three different commercial feeds with differentiated level energy and protein (Karpico Crumble Excellent Ex, Dan Ex 1352, Pro Aqua Brutfutter). In the 42-day experiment at 26 °C, commercial starters were fed intensively to tench of initially 18.92 mm mean total length and 69.41 mg individual mean body weight. Main monitored indices were -- survival rate (%), individual body weight (mg) and specific weight growth rate (%.d−1). The best result was achieved with commercial starter Pro Aqua Brutfutter -- mean individual body weight 483.38 mg, specific weight growth 4.44 %.d−1 and survival 99.1 %. Increasing level energy and protein increased production parameters of juvenile fish.
starter's feed, feeding, juvenile tench, fish breeding, Artemia salina nauplii

Influence of temperature and moisture conditions of locality on the yield formation of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.)

Černý, I., Veverková, J., Kovár, M., Pačuta, V., Molnárová, J.: Influence of temperature and moisture conditions of locality on the yield formation of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.).Acta univ. agric. et silvic. Mendel. Brun., 2011, LIX, No. 6, pp. 99--104
Field polyfactorial experiments were realized on fields of the Agricultural Co-operative in Nitrianska Blatnica in years 2007−2009. Experimental field is located in the maize production area (climatic region: warm; climatic sub region dry; climatic zone: warm, dry with mild winter and long sunshine) in altitude 250 m above sea level, with brown soil. We observed the influence of both temperature and moisture conditions of experimental area on sunflower yield of achenes (conventional, medium-late hybrids: NK Brio, NK Armoni). Preceding crop of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) every experimental year was wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Technological system of sunflower cultivation was realized in accordance with conventional technology of cultivation. The basic fertilization was made by balance method on the base of agrochemical soil analysis for expected yield 3 t.ha−1. The meteorological data were got out from agrometeorological station of the Central Controlling and Testing Institute in Agriculture in Veľké Ripňany. During every experimental year the change of inner energy (ΔU) was evaluated for thermodynamic characteristic analysis (security of the temperature and moisture) and the impact of changes on yield forming with maximal yield (Ymax in 2008) and minimal yield (Ymin in 2009). Achieved value of yield from thermal and precipitation energy introduces concrete energy amount, which is available in given period for concrete height of yield. From the results follow, the sunflower has got critical thermodynamic phase in the period of months from July to August. For the yield formation is requirement, that input power of precipitation prevailed over the thermal during moths July to August. Achieved results confirmed statistically high significant dependence of the yield on weather conditions and for high annual variations in climatic characteristics the consideration is needed about potential changes some agrotechnological measures of technological system of sunflower cultivation.
sunflower, thermodynamic conditions, yield of achenes

Potencials of sap flow evaluation by means of acoustic emission measurements

Černý, M., Mazal, P., Čermák, J., Nohal, L.: Potencials of sap flow evaluation by means of acoustic emission measurements.Acta univ. agric. et silvic. Mendel. Brun., 2011, LIX, No. 6, pp. 105--110
The work deals with measurement techniques of water conducting system in the trees. Water conducting system (including xylem and phloem) indicates its importance for related physiological processes. There are still problems how to measure its functioning (which variables and how), especially in the open field (e.g., forests and orchards) in order to get maximum information about it. Simple band dendrometers measuring seasonal dynamics of stem growth have been already applied for many years, being gradually replaced by their more sophisticated electronic versions most recently. The sap flow is a suitable variable, because it links roots and crowns and provide information about transporting the largest amount of mass in plants, which can be decisive for their behavior. Following pioneering work in the last century (Huber, 1932), many types of sap flow measurement methods based on a variety of principles (e.g., thermodynamic, electric, magneto-hydrodynamic, nuclear magnetic resonance, etc.) have been described. Only a few of these, particularly those based on thermodynamics, have been widely used in field-grown trees. E.g., heat pulse velocity system developed by Green (1998) and Cohen et al. (1981). Heat ratio method also works with pulses, but interpreted the data in more sophisticated way (Burgess, 2001). Widely used is a simple heat-dissipation method (Granier, 1985). Direct electric heating and internal sensing of temperature was applied in the trunk heat balance method (Čermák et al., 1973, 1976, 1982, 2004; Kučera et al., 1977; Tatarinov et al., 2005). The heat field deformation method is based on measurement of the deformation of the heat field around a needle-like linear heater (Nadezhdina et al., 1998, 2002, 2006; Čermák et al., 2004). Another important variable is water potential, which could be measured in the past only periodically on selected pieces of plant material using pressure (Scholander) bomb, but most recently also continuous measurements became possible due to application of psychrometric method (Dixon and Tyree, 1985). There exist also other physical variables carrying important information, which can be measured using different principles. This includes e.g., acoustic methods, which can detect quantitative variation of pulses occurring during cavitation events, associated with interruptions of water columns in vessels. This must not necessarily be a single source of acoustic emissions. In this study we are focused on a general description of acoustic events measurable in a wide range of their spectrum. The first aim was to detect such signals and the second to learn them and gradually analyze in order to better understand the associated processes causing their occurrence and their relations to plant life.
acoustic emission, AE, sap flow, waveguide

Design and verification of engine power calculation model using the data of a digital bus built into an agricultural tractor

Čupera, J., Sedlák, P.: Design and verification of engine power calculation model using the data of a digital bus built into an agricultural tractor.Acta univ. agric. et silvic. Mendel. Brun., 2011, LIX, No. 6, pp. 111--120
Engine power is a fundamental parameter for determining the utilization of an agricultural tractor. A wrong combination of a tractor and agricultural machinery leads to non-efficient loading of the engine, which causes not only a waste of energy stored in the fuel but also increased financial cost of production. The presented paper focuses on the possibility to calculate engine power from the data, which are available on the digital bus -- CAN-BUS. Choosing the appropriate parameters together with the proposed model can help represent the instantaneous power needs. The messages, which provide the basic information about the load, are as follows: engine load, instantaneous torque, instantaneous fuel consumption, engine speed and a set of correction channels. These channels bring the cluster of temperatures and pressures of engine fluids, mainly of the fuel and engine lubricating oil. Without prior determination of the regression function, the data, especially in low load, are very different from the actual torque generated by the engine and measured by a dynamometer. The model represents a function of surface features with a very high index of determination. The model was verified by measuring the power of the engine on a dynamometer. Validation of the model in practice was carried out in the field. The tractor was connected with combined cultivator. The experiment results show a very high statistical match of the results obtained in the laboratory and in field measurements.
agricultural tractor, CAN-BUS, engine power, engine torque

Dynamics of temperature normalized stem CO2 efflux in Norway spruce stand

Dařenová, E., Pavelka, M., Janouš, D.: Dynamics of temperature normalized stem CO2 efflux in Norway spruce stand.Acta univ. agric. et silvic. Mendel. Brun., 2011, LIX, No. 6, pp. 121--126
Respiration of stems contributes approximately 8 to 13 % to the total respiration of forest ecosystem, which is not negligible, and it has to be included in carbon flux estimates. The aim of this study was to determine dynamics of stem CO2 efflux during the growing season in Norway spruce stand and factors affecting this efflux. Continuous measurements of stem CO2 efflux were carried out by an automated system during the growing season in 2006--2009. Further measured characteristics were stem temperature, stem increment and precipitations. Stem CO2 efflux was in tight relationship with changes in temperature with the mean coefficient of determination of 0.76. This infers that temperature was the main factor driving changes in CO2 efflux during the season. To eliminate effect of temperature and determine other factors influencing stem CO2 efflux, CO2 efflux was normalized for temperature of 10 °C (R10). Basic seasonal course of R10 followed the pattern of stem growth rate with its maxima in June and July. The other factor effect, which was possible to determine, was presence of rainfall. Rainfall strong enough caused mostly increase in R10. This effect was the most significant when the R10 course had a decreasing trend in the second part of the growing season.
soil CO2 efflux, R10, Picea abies, precipitations, stem growth

Effect of measurement time of the day on the relationship between temperature and soil CO2 efflux

Dařenová, E., Pavelka, M., Janouš, D.: Effect of measurement time of the day on the relationship between temperature and soil CO2 efflux.Acta univ. agric. et silvic. Mendel. Brun., 2011, LIX, No. 6, pp. 127--134
In this study we investigated effect of the time of the day when manual measurements of soil CO2 efflux are performed on estimates of seasonal sums of released carbon from the soil. We subsampled continuous measurement of soil CO2 efflux into six sets of data in accordance to the time of the day when the measurements were taken -- 0 h, 4 h, 8 h, 12 h, 16 h and 20 h. To estimate seasonal carbon flux from the soil we used continuously measured soil temperature and parameters R10 (soil CO2 efflux normalized for temperature of 10 °C) and Q10 (the proportional change in CO2 efflux caused by 10 °C increase in temperature) calculated from continuous measurements and from measurements taken at individual hours. Values of Q10 calculated from 12 h and 16 h data were lower than Q10 calculated from continuous measurements. On the contrary, Q10 at 0 h, 4 h, 8 h and 20 h were higher. Seasonal carbon flux from the soil based on 0 h, 4 h and 8 h measurements was overestimated compare to the flux calculated from continuous measurements. On the contrary, measurements at 12 h, 16 h and 20 h measurements underestimated the carbon flux. The under- or overestimation was significant for 0 h, 4 h, 8 h and 20 h data sub-sets.
soil CO2 efflux, R10, Q10, Picea abies, seasonal carbon flux

The changes of fatty acids composition in beef of charolaise bulls slaughtered at different weight

Filipčík, R., Šubrt, J., Dufek, A., Dračková E.: The changes of fatty acids composition in beef of charolaise bulls slaughtered at different weight.Acta univ. agric. et silvic. Mendel. Brun., 2011, LIX, No. 6, pp. 135--140
The aim of this work was to evaluate a slaughter weight influence (500--580; 581--640; 641--700 kg) of Charolaise bulls on intramuscular fat content and fatty acid profile in musculus longissimus thoracis (MLT). The beef samples from 144 bulls were used to be evaluated. Statistically evidential (P < 0.05) differences in the intramuscular fat proportions (1.14 < 1.54 < 1.76%) in MLT samples were proved at all the weight categories of bulls. The highest average proportional ratio was determined in palmitic acid (C16:0), that ranged from 23.75% in bulls at 500--580 kg weight category to 24.79 % at 641--700 kg weight group. The lowest ratio of MUFA was in eicosapentaeonic acid (C20:1), its content ranged from 0.36% in the third weight group to 0.53% in 500--580 kg weight group. The highest MUFA ratio was in oleic acid (C18:1) at amount of 39.64% with difference +- 2.932%. The oleic acid ratio in beef rose up linearly according to the higher slaughtering weight (P < 0.01). Positive relation was proved between a slaughter weight and C18:3 a C22:5 PUFA content. The decrease of eicosapentaeonic and eicosadienoic acid was negative due to the essentiality for human health.
bull, charolaise, beef, fatty acid, intramuscular fat

Biomass productivity and water use relation in short rotation poplar coppice (Populus nigra x p. maximowiczii) in the conditions of Czech Moravian Highlands

Fischer, M., Trnka, M., Kučera, J., Fajman, M., Žalud Z.: Biomass productivity and water use relation in short rotation poplar coppice (Populus nigra x P. maximowiczii) in the conditions of Czech Moravian Highlands.Acta univ. agric. et silvic. Mendel. Brun., 2011, LIX, No. 6, pp. 141--152
The plantations of short rotation coppice (SRC) usually based on poplar or willow species are promising source of biomass for energy use. To contribute to decision-making process where to establish the plantations we evaluated the water consumption and its relation to biomass yields of poplar hybrid clone J-105 (Populus nigra x P. maximowiczii) in representative conditions for Czech-Moravian Highlands. Water availability is usually considered as one of the main constraints of profitable SRC culture and therefore we focused on analyzing of the linkage between the aboveground biomass increments and the total stand actual evapotranspiration (ETa) and on water use efficiency of production (WUEP). During the seasons 2008 and 2009 the total stand ETa measured by Bowen ratio energy balance system constructed above poplar canopy and the stem diameter increments of randomly chosen sample trees were examined. The stem diameters were subsequently converted to total aboveground biomass (AB) by allometric equation obtained by destructive analysis at the beginning of 2010. The biomass volume and its increment of particular trees were subsequently converted to the whole canopy growth and correlated with the ETa values. Our results revealed that there was a statistically significant relation between water lost and biomass growth with coefficients of determination r2 0.96 and 0.51 in 2008 and 2009 respectively. By using multiple linear regression analysis additionally accounting for effect of precipitation events and thermal time (sums of effective temperatures above +5 °C) the AB growth was explained from 98 and 87% in 2008 and 2009, respectively. Therefore for further analysis the multiple linear regression model was applied. The dynamic of seasonal WUEP (expressed as gram of AB dry matter per thousand grams of water) reached up to 6.2 and 6.8 g kg−1 with means 3.13 and 3.54 g kg−1 in both executed years respectively. These values are situated in higher range comparing to the other broadleaved tree species of temperate climate zone and suggest that economically profitable plantation (defined by yield at least in the range of 10--12 Mg ha−1 year−1 of dry matter content) will consume more than 450--500 mm per growing season and thus will demand a locality with higher and adequately temporally distributed amount of precipitation especially in rain fed areas such as the discussed Czech-Moravian Highlands.
short rotation coppice, biomass increment, water consumption, water use efficiency

In vitro testing of defense reactions in zygotic and somatic embryos of Abies numidica

Hřib, J., Adamec, V., Vooková, B.: In vitro testing of defense reactions in zygotic and somatic embryos of Abies numidica.Acta univ. agric. et silvic. Mendel. Brun., 2011, LIX, No. 6, pp. 153--160
Defense of desiccated cotyledonary somatic embryos and mature zygotic embryos of Abies numidica was tested in vitro by dual cultures with tester, fungus Phaeolus schweinitzii. Both types of embryos expressed defense reactions manifested by inhibited growth of fungal tester towards the embryos. Mycelial growth was described by logistic sigmoid growth model with a single asymptote. Mutual comparisons of mycelial growth in presence of zygotic and somatic embryos showed significant differences in parameters of mycelium growth curves towards the embryos. Larger defense reactions were observed in zygotic embryos relative to somatic embryos and unlimited control cultivations without embryo. The possible role of auxin in the defense response of plant embryos is discussed.
algerian fir, somatic and zygotic embryos, mycelial growth, Phaeolus schweinitzii, dual cultures

Effect of average diurnal barn airspace temperatures on prediction of their development during the day

Chládek, G., Hanuš, O., Falta, D.: Effect of average diurnal barn airspace temperatures on prediction of their development during the day.Acta univ. agric. et silvic. Mendel. Brun., 2011, LIX, No. 6, pp. 161--166
A year-round (i.e. 365 days) experiment was performed at the Mendel University Training Farm in Žabčice, Czech Republic (GPS 49°0'51.967"N and 16°36'14.614"E, the altitude 179 m) with the aim to quantify the effect of the variation of average diurnal barn airspace temperatures on prediction of their changes during the day. Barn airspace temperatures were monitored daily in one-hour intervals and the recorded values were used for calculations of average diurnal temperatures. These were classified into 7 categories (i.e. below 0 °C; 0.1 to 5 °C; 5.1 to 10 °C; 10.1 to 15 °C; 15.1 to 20 °C; 20.1 to 25 °C and above 25 °C). Regarding this classification system, all differences between temperatures measured at identical hours but within various limits were statistically highly significant. The statistical analysis involved also the calculation of the third degree polynomial regression equations, which enabled to characterise the relationship between the temperature and the hour of measurement within the aforementioned categories of diurnal temperatures. Individual equations were markedly different and ranged from y = − 0.0019x3 + 0.0596x2 − 0.3797x − 1.2169 (for temperatures below 0 °C) to y = − 0.0108x3 + 0.3297x2 − 1.9367x + 24.3931 (for temperatures above 25 °C). Correlation coefficients (r) and coefficients of determination (R2) of these regression equations were generally very high and ranged from 0.872 to 0.976 and from 0.760 to 0.953, respectively. Regarding high values of both coefficients it can be concluded that the calculated equations enable a good and reliable prediction of the diurnal development of barn airspace temperatures.
barn airspace temperature, prediction, heat stress, regression equations

Analysis of biogas transformation in experimental biogas plant

Jelínková, E., Groda, B.: Analysis of biogas transformation in experimental biogas plant.Acta univ. agric. et silvic. Mendel. Brun., 2011, LIX, No. 6, pp. 167--174 The topic of this paper is the analysis of anaerobic fermentation in an experimental biogas plant. Technological processes and operation parameters were monitored; these processes and parameters include, for example, the optimal structure of the input material and the consideration of the prolonging of the duration of the fermentation process. The goal of prolonging the fermentation process is to obtain higher biogas (and methane) production and to decrease the fermentation residue effluvial emissions. Emphasis is also laid on the mutual co-fermentation of substrates with regard to further use of the results in solving technological problems in other biogas plants. This technological process was first monitored in 2009; that is, before the planned intensification and modernization of the experimental biogas plant. Thus, the evaluation of the process could become part of the planned intensification and modernization of the chosen biogas plant (extended by the addition of the second stage of methanogenesis). The results obtained from the experimental biogas plant, which is one of the pioneering biogas plants in the Czech Republic, may serve, to other biogas operators, as a base for the preparation of suitable input, and for improving the efficiency of anaerobic fermentation within their biogas plants. The goal of the improvement of the fermentation process is to fulfill the ecological aspects; that is, to cut down CO2 emissions and to reduce the negative impact of the fermentation process on the environment (reduction of effluvium and noise originating in biogas plants).
renewable sources of energy, biogas, biogas plant, anaerobic fermentation, electricity production

The effect of the English thoroughbred on the sport performance of horses in the Czech republic

Jiskrová, I.: The effect of the English Thoroughbred on the sport performance of horses in the Czech Republic.Acta univ. agric. et silvic. Mendel. Brun., 2011, LIX, No. 6, pp. 175--180
The objective of the present study was to evaluate the importance of the English Thoroughbred in sport horse breeding in the Czech Republic. Basic data were taken from the survey of sport horses in the Czech Republic in the years 2005--2008 which contains sport competition results of horses. The sport performance is expressed by the PPB value. We used the GLM method for statistical elaboration. Using the method of multiple comparisons by Tukey-B we defined the differences between the breeds, gender, age, sport seasons and the number of starts in competitions. Statistically highly significant effect was discovered of all the studied effects on the jumping sports performance of the horses. Basing on statistical evaluations we found out that the highest PPB value (3.356) was reached by group 5 (sport horses without a significant share of the English Thoroughbred). Group 5 was also the most numerous one. The best values according to the gender were reached by stallions (4168) and the most numerous group included mares (4766). We also discovered that the highest values were reached by the horses that compete at the age of 12 years (3.5414) and the highest average values were achieved in the 2008 season (3.999). The highest PPB value was achieved by horses with a high number of starts.
horses, English Thoroughbred, sports performance

Assessment of ranges plasma indices in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) reared under conditions of intensive aquaculture

Kopp, R., Mareš, J., Lang, Š., Brabec, T., Ziková, A.: Assessment of ranges plasma indices in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) reared under conditions of intensive aquaculture.Acta univ. agric. et silvic. Mendel. Brun., 2011, LIX, No. 6, pp. 181--188 Plasma parameters in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) from three various trout farms in the Czech Republic were assessed using automated blood plasma analyser. Non-haemolysed serum from the heart of 48 healthy, randomly selected fish (standard length, mean +- SD = 247.3 +- 24.2 mm; body mass, mean +- SD = 262.18 +- 87.28 g) was analysed for the following plasma parameters: alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, acid phosphatase, lactate dehydrogenase, creatine kinase, total protein, cholinesterase, amylase, glucose, lactate, albumin, urea, cholesterol, triglycerides, lipase, Ca, Mg, P, Fe, Na, K and Cl. All data were analysed statistically such as normality assessment by means of Kolmogorov--Smirnov test and adequate statistical testing using various parametric and non-parametric tests for each variable. With regard to data distribution, 19 indices out of 23 (aspartate aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, acid phosphatase, lactate dehydrogenase, total protein, amylase, glucose, lactate, albumin, urea, cholesterol, triglycerides, Ca, Mg, P, Fe, Na, K and Cl) were normally distributed. The indices were affected by handling time and, accordingly to the physical and chemical properties of water. Estimates obtained were compared with previously reported ranges. The blood automated analyser proved to be a valuable and reliable instrument for the estimation of plasma parameters determining normal ranges in rainbow trout.
fish, biochemical variables, aquaculture

Experiences with preventive procedures application in the process of beer production in Czech Republic

Kotovicová, J., Toman, F., Vaverková, M.: Experiences with preventive procedures application in the process of beer production in Czech Republic.Acta univ. agric. et silvic. Mendel. Brun., 2011, LIX, No. 6, pp. 189--198
Food-processing industry is an intriguing field regarding prevention procedures application. All food-processing operations have common fundamental spheres of problems -- wastewater polluted by organic substances, solid waste of biological origin and losses during source material processing. Beer production process is a representative of food-processing sphere. The brewing industry has an ancient tradition and is still a dynamic sector open to new developments in technology and scientific progress. A case study of beer production in Czech Republic has been performed. During the work on the project, there were utilized methodical procedures of Cleaner Production, best available technologies (BAT) utilization and hazard analysis critical control points (HACCP), optimization of final technology operation.
breweries, Cleaner Production, best available technology, critical points

Wind erosion on heavy-textured soils: calculation and mapping

Kozlovsky Dufková, J., Podhrázská, J.: Wind erosion on heavy-textured soils: calculation and mapping.Acta univ. agric. et silvic. Mendel. Brun., 2011, LIX, No. 6, pp. 199--208
The equation that expresses the influence of factors affecting soil aggregates breakdown, and thus wind erosion, originated from the results of laboratory simulations of soil aggregates breakdown due to low temperatures treatment, field measurements of air temperature and soil moisture, and statistical evaluation of gained outcomes. All the analyses, whether field or laboratory, were realized on three different soils from three different localities of the Bílé Karpaty Mountains foothills -- Ostrožská Nová Ves, Blatnice pod Svatým Antonínkem, and Suchá Loz. The statistically significant factors, influencing the soil aggregates breakdown, were determined using multiple regression analysis and stepwise regression. Soil moisture content at time of freezing was the most significant factor affecting soil aggregates breakdown, content of soil particles < 0.01 mm was the least significant one. Based on the results of laboratory and field research there was created a map of heavy-textured soils that are vulnerable to wind erosion.
soil aggregates breakdown, non-erodible fraction, multiple regression analysis, stepwise regression, GIS

Perennial border reconstruction in the castle park in Lednice

Kuťková, T.: Perennial border reconstruction in the castle park in Lednice.Acta univ. agric. et silvic. Mendel. Brun., 2011, LIX, No. 6, pp. 209--216
The objective of the project was to make the design documentation for the reconstruction of the perennial border in the castle park in Lednice. The castle park is a part of Lednice-Valtice Cultural Landscape, which was inscribed in the World Heritage List of UNESCO for its unique value in 1996. The landscape architect of the original project was Markéta Roder-Müller (1898--1981). The result of this project is documenting the flower bed development in time and analysis of design basics, principles and approaches of Müller's work. The design documentation for perennial border renewal was made with Müller's landscape design style in mind and time schedule and technologies for perennial border renewal were recommended. Flower bed was reconstructed in autumn of 2010 according to the established design documentation and work schedule.
perennial border, reconstruction, Markéta Müller, castle park in Lednice

Allometric relationships for the estimation of dry mass of aboveground organs in young highland Norway spruce stand

Marková, I., Pokorný, R.: Allometric relationships for the estimation of dry mass of aboveground organs in young highland Norway spruce stand.Acta univ. agric. et silvic. Mendel. Brun., 2011, LIX, No. 6, pp. 217--224
This study falls into site-specific studies (here in the Drahanská vrchovina Highland) focusing on the determination of allometric relationships between the stem dendrometric and biomass parameters in young Norway spruce stands. The total aboveground biomass (TB) of a sampled tree with 14.9 m in height and 15.5 cm in stem diameter at 1.3 m (DBH) averaged to 110.3 kg. The stem biomass participated on average by 54 %, branch biomass by 24 % and needle biomass by 22 % on the TB of the sampled spruce tree. TB of the tree and the biomass of individual aboveground tree organs were predicted with the highest accuracy (over 91 %) from DBH or a stem diameter at the one tenth of the tree height using allometric-power functions. The stem diameters up to 70 % of the relative tree height predicted TB accurately (over 95 %) as well. The biomass expansion factors based on the stem volume expansion to TB of the tree, as well as the biomass of each of the aboveground tree organs did not show functional dependency on DBH.
allometry, biomass expansions factors, biomass, Picea abies

Evaluation of the infiltration capacity of soil in a winter wheat stand during the growing season 2010

Mašíček, T., Toman, F., Vičanová, M., Hubačíková, V.: Evaluation of the infiltration capacity of soil in a winter wheat stand during the growing season 2010.Acta univ. agric. et silvic. Mendel. Brun., 2011, LIX, No. 6, pp. 225--234
The aim of the presented paper was to map the course of infiltration during the growing season of 2010 in a winter wheat stand on a selected locality in the Sazomín cadastral area on the basis of selected hydro-physical properties of soil (specific weight, reduced volume weight, actual soil moisture, absorptivity, retention water capacity, porosity, capillary, semi-capillary and non-capillary pores and aeration) evaluated from the analyses of undisturbed soil samples. In order to assess the infiltration capacity of soil at the U Jasana locality in the season April--October, four surveys were realized always with three measurements within each of the surveys. The measurement of infiltration took place in the form of basin irrigation. To evaluate field measurements of infiltration empirical relations were used, namely Kostiakov equations. The highest cumulative infiltration and speed of infiltration were noted in June at the high actual soil moisture and closed stand. In case of October measurement, effects of agro-technical operations became evident on the slightly lower infiltration capacity of soil as compared to June measurements at nearly identical moisture conditions. The lowest infiltration capacity of soil reaching the same level, namely in spite of different moisture conditions and the stand character (July -- full-grown stand, August -- stubble-field) was found in July and August.
soil, speed of infiltration, soil water, hydro-physical properties of soil

Evaluation of one year of operation of the biogas plant in Suchohrdly u Miroslavi

Moravec, A., Vítěz, T., Havlíček, M.: Evaluation of one year of operation of the biogas plant in Suchohrdly u Miroslavi.Acta univ. agric. et silvic. Mendel. Brun., 2011, LIX, No. 6, pp. 235--238
The manner of designing biogas plants is eagerly described by each and every seller or supplier of the respective technology. Numerous feasibility studies comprising forecasts of future operation featuring different quality levels have been written. However, it is rarely possible to obtain information comparing the anticipated future numbers and real values. Nevertheless, an evaluation of past operation of BGP is of utmost importance for calibration of the calculation methods used for designing of future BGPs. Information obtained on the basis of an evaluation is also useful for the purpose of verification of correct functionality of the equipment as well as optimisation of its operation with the objective of achieving the planned (or even better) values of profitability of each respective project. A comprehensive analysis of a biogas plant is a project sensitive to accuracy of inputs. Measurements of amounts and quality of the feed substrate throughout the whole year, which comprises numerous criteria, is highly demanding and complicated, and therefore the objective of this evaluation is to analyze the performance, production and consumption of the biogas plant in the course of a calendar year (Schulz et al., 2004). Power measuring tasks are performed using calibrated gauges (which are mostly used for invoicing purposes), thus ensuring accuracy and credibility of the input data.
biogas, anaerobic fermentation, biogas plant

Analysis of biogas production from grass silage, depending on its quality

Mrůzek, M., Groda, B.: Analysis of biogas production from grass silage, depending on its quality.Acta univ. agric. et silvic. Mendel. Brun., 2011, LIX, No. 6, pp. 239--246
This article (work) gives information about production of methane from 11 samples of grass silage. Production was studied in two following levels: specific methane production per 1 kg of organic total solids, specific methane production per 1 kg of fresh material. These grass silage samples were at the same time analyzed from the point of view of feeding properties and quality: protein, digestible protein, fiber, acid-detergent fiber (ADF), neutral- detergent fiber (NDF), BNVL, lactic acid, acetic acid, butyric acid, starch values, metabolizable energy, total energy, net energy lactation, net energy for fattening, pH, acidity of the water leachate mg KOH, protein PDIA, protein PDIN, protein PDIE, Na, K, P, Mg, Ca and ash. Statistic dependence was searched between feeding quality and methane production of tested samples. As statistically significant parameters influencing methane production were: lactic acid, pH, acidity of the water leachate mg KOH and total solids. Change of concentration of remaining parameters had not adequately provable influence on methane production.
methane, biogas, grass silage, value of reliability, organic total solids, fresh material

Static analysis of an office desk construction

Novotný, M., Neugebauer, R., Šimek, M.: Static analysis of an office desk construction.Acta univ. agric. et silvic. Mendel. Brun., 2011, LIX, No. 6, pp. 247--254
The objective of the paper is a static analysis of a desk construction and the determination of its probable mechanical behaviour using Finite Element Method. The construction was modelled and numerically analysed in Autocad Inventor 2011 and the stability of the entire desk was calculated with the size and placement of the loading force based on the standards and cited literature. Possible locations and directions of the deformation were analysed and a solution for its prevention was proposed and the stability of the desk as well as the extreme position of the stand were calculated. The verification of the obtained results in an accredited furniture testing lab is planned using a prototype of the office desk.
an office desk, construction, steel, numerical simulation, stability

The effect of pectin from apple and arabic gum from acacia tree on quality of wheat flour dough

Pečivová, P., Juříková, K., Burešová, I., Černá, M., Hrabě, J.: The effect of pectin from apple and arabic gum from acacia tree on quality of wheat flour dough.Acta univ. agric. et silvic. Mendel. Brun., 2011, LIX, No. 6, pp. 255--264
The influence of hydrocolloids on the qualitative properties of wheat flour dough was monitored by farinograph. The addition of arabic gum from acacia tree to the dough decreased water absorption and the degree of softening but the development time of the dough increased. The improvement in quality of the doughs occurred only after the addition of 15.0 g.kg−1. The addition of pectin from apple increased water absorption of the dough. Dough stability was increasing until the addition of 5.0 g.kg−1 but then it decreased. The degrees of softening were decreasing until the addition of 5.0 g.kg−1 but then they increased. Farinograph quality number was increasing until the addition of 5.0 g.kg−1 pectin from apple but then it decreased to the value of 149. These hydrocolloids are able to modify different qualitative properties of dough depending on their amount.
dough, hydrocolloid, quality, stability

Methodology for the establishment of physical and geometric properties of a drainage basin

Pelikán, P., Šlezingr, M.: Methodology for the establishment of physical and geometric properties of a drainage basin.Acta univ. agric. et silvic. Mendel. Brun., 2011, LIX, No. 6, pp. 265--270
Factors which affect runoff are closely related to properties of the basin from which the water flows and its environment. They have an effect not only on the size of the runoff but also its origination and mainly its temporal distribution. These factors can be divided into two main groups. The first group contains climatic factors, which are besides precipitation meteorological quantities affecting the overall evaporation of water in the drainage basin. These include the actual temporal and spatial progress of a rainfall, the moisture of air, evaporation, air temperature, the velocity and direction of wind, atmospheric pressure, etc. The other group consists of geographic factors of the drainage basin, which describe the environment in which the process of runoff occurs. The presented study focuses on a theoretical analysis of physical and geometric properties of a basin, the practical methods and the possible ways of their determination and possible uses of results. In the past the determination of physical a geometric watershed attributes had been working out on the basis of analogue maps. These methods were very labour-intensive and lengthy. The report deals with new determination methods based on digital data processing -- utilization of digital terrain model (DTM). These problems are quite actual because of research of rainfall-runoff process, flood process and soil erosion within watershed.
digital terrain model, drainage basin, hydrology, physical and geometric factors, rainfall-runoff process

Effect of barn airspace temperature on composition and technological parameters of bulk milk produced by dairy cows of Czech Fleckvieh and Holstein breeds

Polák, O., Falta, D., Hanuš, O., Chládek, G.: Effect of barn airspace temperature on composition and technological parameters of bulk milk produced by dairy cows of Czech Fleckvieh and Holstein breeds.Acta univ. agric. et silvic. Mendel. Brun., 2011, LIX, No. 6, pp. 271--280
On two farms (A and B), samples of bulk milk produced by dairy cows of the Holstein (H) and Czech Fleckvieh (CF) breeds were collected every week on the same day within the time interval of 36 weeks. The aim of this sampling was to determine the effect of barn airspace temperature on milk compositon and its technological parameters. The following average values of all bulk milk samples (n = 72) were recorded: barn airspace temperature (BAT) 12.08 °C; rennet coagulation time (RCT) 211 sec.; curd quality class (CQC) 1.53; titratable acidity (TA) 7.16 °SH; protein content (P) 3.46 %; fat content (F) 4.09 %; lactose content (L) 4.79 %; and solids non fat (SNF) 8.86 %. As compared with H, dairy cows of CF breed produced milk with statistically significantly higher (P < 0.01) contents of P (+0.27 %) and SNF (+0.26 %). The remaining differences were statistically insignificant (P > 0.05): BAT (−2 °C); RCT (−4 sec.); CQC (0 class); TA (+0.11 °SH); F (+0.05 %) and L (−0.03 %). As far as the effect of temperature was concerned, calculated correlation coefficients and plotted graphs indicated a marked effect of BAT on RCT; F and P. This effect was in all cases markedly negative: at lower BAT, F and P values were higher and RCT longer while at higher temperatures they were lower and shorter. These trends were similar in both breeds regardless to differences in average values of aforementioned parameters.
barn airspace temperature, milk, composition, technological parameters, Holstein, Czech Fleckvieh

Growth of sterlet Acipenser ruthenus under experimental and farm conditions of the Czech Republic, with remarks on other sturgeons

Prokeš, M., Baruš, V., Mareš, J., Peňáz, M., Baránek, V.: Growth of sterlet Acipenser ruthenus under experimental and farm conditions of the Czech Republic, with remarks on other sturgeons.Acta univ. agric. et silvic. Mendel. Brun., 2011, LIX, No. 6, pp. 281--290
Growth rate of sterlet (Acipenser ruthenus) juveniles and adults was studied and compared with other sturgeon species under experimental and farm conditions in the Czech Republic. During the juvenile development (0+ to 5+) the specific growth rate (SGR) decreased successively from 17.67 to 0.05 %.d−1. During the adult period of development (6+ to 13+), the SGR fluctuated from 0.0191 to 0.0562, mean = 0.0410 %.d−1. In addition, body weight condition and length-weight relationship are presented. The adult period commenced at average age from 4 to 5 years. At the end of subsequent 13 years of life (1st--13th), following values of TL/w (in mm/g) in reared sterlet were determined: 250/53, 350/174, 400/250, 440/320, 465/400, 490/462, 516/525, 546/645, 561/720, 596/860, 610/1014, 625/1199, 660/1456. A very fast growth intensity was determined in the young sterlet (1st and 2nd year) while it decreased in the older fish. Growth intensity of other reared greater sturgeon species (Huso huso, Polyodon spathula, A. gueldenstaedtii, A baerii, A. stellatus), compared with sterlet in early juvenile period of ontogeny, were mainly higher.
sterlet juveniles and adults, specific growth rate, length-weight relationship, condition factor

Changes in the composition of the bee populations of the Mohelno Serpentine Steppe after 70 years (Hymenoptera: Apiformes)

Přidal, A., Veselý, P.: Changes in the composition of the bee populations of the Mohelno Serpentine Steppe after 70 years (Hymenoptera: Apiformes).Acta univ. agric. et silvic. Mendel. Brun., 2011, LIX, No. 6, pp. 291--312
Mohelno serpentine steppe (Mohelenská hadcová step) is a unique natural habitat of European importance. Since its last apidologic proper survey passed about 70 years. The objective of this work was to summarize the results of the apidological survey performed in the national nature reserve Mohelno Serpentine Steppe in a period of 2010--2011, characterize current changes in the composition of bee populations and propose recommendations for the management of this nature reserve. The survey was performed within 20 days and includes a total of 91 hours of observations in the field with exact records of survey localization and weather. A total of 2705 bee individuals were caught using an insect net and examined. 71 to 276 bee individuals were identified on individual days of monitoring. The bee density varied in a range of 18.4--87.1 bees per hour of the pure time of sampling. A total of 176 bee species were identified. 115 bee species from the original list of 232 bee species were confirmed by this survey (50 %). Species that were not confirmed could disappear as a result of changes which have occurred in the Steppe biotope over the past 40 years or their disappearance is generally associated with changes in the population of a particular species in Moravia. The disappearance of 17 % of unconfirmed species (20 species) from the Steppe is very likely to occur but it is not associated with general changes in the population of these species in southern Moravia. 61 out of 176 bee species were recorded in the Steppe for the first time. Pyrobombus lapidarius was eudominant. The highest dominance was observed for Halictus simplex as a representative of the solitary species and for Nomada succincta as a representative of cleptoparasites. However, the major part of cleptoparasites (66 %) was not confirmed. The Shannon's index (H' = 3.97), Equitability (e = 0.77) and the Simpson's index (c = 0.04) were determined for bee populations. The following species occurred on the Steppe: a) ubiquitous species with an abnormally small population (49 species) and b) steppe specialists (xerothermophile) with abnormally abundant populations and strongly competitive to ubiquitous species (9 species). The survey revealed a significant decrease in the diversity of apidofauna on the Steppe, showing that the degradation change took place only partially and that some rare xerothermophile species on the Steppe were preserved. The composition of apidofauna still maintains its predominant xerothermophile character. The results of the survey were used to propose recommendations for managing the maintenance of the national nature reserve Mohelno Serpentine Steppe.
secondary succession, Mohelno serpentine steppe, xerotermophile bee species, Apoidea, Apiformes, apidofauna

In vitro inhibition activity of the spice mix used in the "paprikáš" sausages

Sládková, P., Rejchrtová, E., Komprda, T., Rožnovská, D.: In vitro inhibition activity of the spice mix used in the "paprikáš" sausages.Acta univ. agric. et silvic. Mendel. Brun., 2011, LIX, No. 6, pp. 313--316
The aim of this work was to test in vitro the ability of the components in the spice mix usually used for the production of the "paprikáš" sausage (P) to inhibit the growth of tyramine and histamine forming microorganisms. The ability of the P spice mix components to inhibit the growth of the Pediococcus pentosaceus and Enterococcus faecalis CNRZ 238 species was tested by the agar diffusion method. The tested cultures were chosen as positive to a gene sequence for tyrosindecarboxylase (tyrDC). None of the tested P spice components or the mix as a whole inhibited growth of Pediococcus pentosaceus and Enterococcus faecalis CNRZ 238.
antimicrobial activity, spice, biogenic amines, Enterococcus faecalis, Pediococcus pentosaceus

Potential of chlorophyll fluorescence and VIS/NIR spectroscopy measurement use for the detection of nitrogen content and disease infection of apple leaves

Spáčilová, V., Šafránková, I.: Potential of chlorophyll fluorescence and VIS/NIR spectroscopy measurement use for the detection of nitrogen content and disease infection of apple leaves.Acta univ. agric. et silvic. Mendel. Brun., 2011, LIX, No. 6, pp. 317--328
A possibility of using spectral methods for determining a nutritional status and detecting pathogens in apple-tree cvs. 'Jonagold' and 'Idared' was verified in an orchard and pot experiments in 2007--2010. Treatments differed in the fertilizer or fungicide dose. Leaf samples were collected from the experimental variants to determine nitrogen content and to measure spectral reflectance (spectrophotometer Avantes USB 2000) and chlorophyll fluorescence imaging (FluorCam). Results of the measurements were correlated to leaf analyses for nitrogen content in dry matter. At the same time, a health status (the occurrence of fungal pathogens Venturia inaequalis and Podosphaera leucotricha) was assessed and changes of photochemical efficiency of PSII of infected leaves were evaluated. The parameters providing the best description of differences in the photosynthetic activity of leaves depending on treatments (parameter Fv/Fm and parameter GENTY, known as PSII -- effective quantum yield of PSII) were selected. The values of correlation coefficients of Fv/Fm and PSII depending on fertilization treatments were as follows: Fv/Fm: r = −0.4735, p < 0.000089,  = 0.05; PSII: r = 0.755; p < 0.00038,  = 0.05. Data obtained from measuring with a spectrophotometer was used for the calculation to normalized difference vegetation indices NDVI; a significant relationship was found for the index GNDVI (r = 0.4691, p < 0,0002,  = 0.05). The significant difference between healthy leaves and leaves infected by the pathogens V. inaequalis and P. leucotricha was confirmed using the spectrophotometer, and the largest differences in reflectances were found in wavelengths around 400 nm. The values of indices GNDVI, RNDVI and NDVI 450 obtained from measuring reflectance of leaves with symptoms of V. inaequalis and P. leucotricha infections were significantly lower compared to the indices of healthy leaves. The values of indices NDVI were as follows: GNDVI 0.930; RNDVI 0.912; NDVI 450 0.917 for healthy leaves and GNDVI 0.519/0.623; RNDVI 0.428/0.540; NDVI 450 0.432/0.499 for leaves infected by pathogens V. inaequalis/P. leucotricha, respectively. There was found significant difference between infected and healthy leaves for all indices ( = 0.05). Also, the PSII exhibited significant responses to the presence of V. inaequalis and P. leucotricha (PSII: healthy leaves 0.182; V. inaequalis/P. leucotricha presence 0.232/0.222;  = 0.05).
apple tree, spectral reflectance, chlorophyll fluorescence, Venturia inaequalis, Podosphaera leucotricha, nitrogen content

Effects of the technolology of machining on the surface quality of selected wood

Svatoš, M., Kopecký, Z., Rousek, M.: Effects of the technolology of machining on the surface quality of selected wood.Acta univ. agric. et silvic. Mendel. Brun., 2011, LIX, No. 6, pp. 329--336
The paper deals with the dependence of using basic types of machining technologies on the surface quality of most common wood. In wood-processing industry, cutting by circular-saw blades and milling are the most often used technology to machining wood materials. The quality and accuracy of the machining are derived from the machine construction, shape and the amount of saw teeth, kind of wood species, feed per tooth and the size of the tool. Research was carried out on an experimental milling stand at setting various feed speeds and the spindle rpm, on an experimental cutting stand at using three types of circular-saw blades in the field of optimum and resonance rpm. Evaluation of the surface quality was carried out on a top multisensor apparatus Taylor Hobson-Talysurf CLI 1000 using a contactless method by a confocal sensor. Software equipment of a powerful computer was provided by the Talymap platinum program. Tree species were evaluated generally from the aspect of roughness and waviness altogether. An expert evaluation is carried out from two aspects. The first aspect is selection of the best technology for actual wood and the second aspect is selection of the best species for the actual technology. Particular relationships between wood and technology are evidently best described by graphs.
milling, cutting, surface quality, roughness, waviness

Comparison of extractable soil carbon and dissolved organic carbon by their molecular characteristics

Šestauberová, M., Novák, F.: Comparison of extractable soil carbon and dissolved organic carbon by their molecular characteristics.Acta univ. agric. et silvic. Mendel. Brun., 2011, LIX, No. 6, pp. 337--342
The aim of this study was to compare the molecular characteristics of extractable soil carbon from biotopes of the Rašeliník watershed and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) from Rašeliník creek, by using the 0.1M pyrophosphate, 0.01M CaCl2 and Britton-Robinson buffer as extraction agents. The molecular weight Mr and weight-average molecular weight Mw, determined by the low pressure size exclusion chromatography, increased in the following sequence: humic substances (HS) in CaCl2 < aquatic HS < HS in sodium pyrophosphate ≤ HS in a buffer. Elution curves of all humic substances were characteristic by two peaks with predominant low-molecular fraction. Mr and Mw values of aquatic humic substances were 5.9 and 7.9 kDa, respectively, and proportion of this low-molecular fraction reached 97%. This corresponds to the fact, that the main fraction of HS in surface waters constitute fulvic acids. Using soil extraction in CaCl2 we obtained the fraction of organic carbon similar to the humic substances contain in DOC. Differences in quantity of humic substances extracted from soils among CaCl2 (mean 0.42 +- 0.39), Britton-Robinson buffer (34.9 +- 11.2) and sodium pyrophosphate (293.2 +- 113.4) were statistically significant. The A465/A665 ratio negatively correlated with molecular weight of humic substances.
A465/A665 ratio, DOC, humic substances, molecular weight, size exclusion chromatography

Monitoring of dry anaerobic fermentation in experimental facility with use of biofilm reactor

Šinkora, M., Havlíček, M.: Monitoring of dry anaerobic fermentation in experimental facility with use of biofilm reactor.Acta univ. agric. et silvic. Mendel. Brun., 2011, LIX, No. 6, pp. 343--354
Anaerobic fermentation is a process in which almost any organic mass may be transformed into an energetically rich biogas and a fermentation residue. Only strictly anaerobic microorganisms enter into the process; thus the process may take place only in a hermetically sealed environment. With regard to the world wide situation, where the increase in the proportion of energy from sustainable sources is in demand, anaerobic fermentation offers the possibility of transforming farm waste, farm products and municipality waste of biological character into electricity. This electricity may subsequently become an interesting source of income. The system may be proposed to agricultural companies as well as to municipality corporations. The process of fermentation may be carried out as dry fermentation or as liquid fermentation. Dry fermentation, working with materials where the percentage of dry matter exceeds 15 %, is the topic of this paper. This method has been frequently discussed as a method of processing organic material without waste water and thus the volume of material as well as the size of the biogas plant considerably decreases. To enable progress in the process, it is necessary to use a biologically active liquid solution containing the essential micro-organisms, often termed "percolate". To activate a fresh substrate, fermented material adulterant containing cultivated microorganisms from previous processes is used; the ratio in which it is used is approximately one third to one fifth. "Percolate strategy" is another phrase used for sustaining the anaerobic fermentation; material is sprinkled on the percolate in the precisely defined cycles. In addition, the biologically active liquid solution contains organic substances washed out from the fermented material. With regard to its amount, this paper has become an impulse for the research in the amount of biogas which may be subsequently produced from the percolate in the so-called biofilm reactor. An external reactor with a cultivated bacterial biofilm on an immovable carrier with the percolate flowing through it has been constructed in laboratory conditions for this purpose. The choice of suitable percolate strategy (this means the frequency of sprinkling) and the amount of percolate directly influences the process of anaerobic fermentation.
biogas, dry anaerobic fermentation, percolate strategy, farm waste, fermentation residue, biofilm reactor

The design procedure for pre-grown stabilization reinforced grass carpet

Šlezingr, M., Foltýnová, L., Šulc, V.: The design procedure for pre-grown stabilization reinforced grass carpet.Acta univ. agric. et silvic. Mendel. Brun., 2011, LIX, No. 6, pp. 355--358
Biological (or biotechnical) stabilization of banks based on the stabilization effect of grass has a fundamental disadvantage for reinforcement constructions and that is the delay in their functionality. It starts to be functional only several weeks after the sowing and its full function can be usually guaranteed for as late as the following vegetation period. Moreover, grass carpets on slopes forming banks of watercourses are damaged by erosion caused by the flow of water in the watercourse but also water flowing down the slopes. Other damage is inflicted by "trampling", i.e. the damage caused by the movement of people (anglers, rowers, hikers, etc.). This can be prevented to a degree by pre-grown grass carpets. These will bring about the stabilization effect sooner but the resistance of a pre-grown grass carpet is finally the same as when a suitable grass mixture is sown. Therefore, in need of functional reinforcement significantly more resistant than a grass carpet, mostly stone or gravel riprap on the slope above the stabilization toe is designed. The aim of the presented paper is to inform the professional public on the results of a design and a following application of a pre-grown stabilization reinforced grass carpet which, as stated by the producers, manifests a considerably higher efficiency against damage caused by water and trampling. It can replace stone or gravel reinforcement above the stabilization toe and the resulting construction (bank modification) fits better into the landscape. So far, no similar construction has been designed within bank stabilization procedures in the conditions of the Czech Republic. The reinforcement is formed by suitable three-dimensional geosynthetics, in our case three-dimensional geonets.
stabilization of banks, reservoir, bank, erosive damage, geosynthetics

Effect of addition of pollen and propolis to feeding mixtures during the production of broiler chickens ROSS 308 to the colour of thigh and breast muscle and pH determination

Šulcerová, H., Mihok, M., Jůzl, M., Haščík, P.: Effect of addition of pollen and propolis to feeding mixtures during the production of broiler chickens ROSS 308 to the colour of thigh and breast muscle and pH determination.Acta univ. agric. et silvic. Mendel. Brun., 2011, LIX, No. 6, pp. 359--366
The aim of this study was to verify influence of pollen and propolis added to the feeding mixture in the diet of broiler chickens Ross 308 to colour breast and thigh muscles in relation to pH values. A total of 198 units 1 day-old Ross 308 hybrid combinations divided into 6 groups according to the feeding mixtures were investigated on meat quality characteristics changes. Muscle colour of breasts and thighs was measured and compared with pH in three times, pH1, pH2 and pHult. Feeding with various additions to feeding mixtures for chicken showed small impact of low content (200 or 300 mg.kg−1) propolis to meat quality characteristics. Higher effect on breast quality was found in group with 400 mg.kg−1 pollen addition to feed, there was faster and deeper postmortal process level found, although without negative impact on meat quality. Meat colour and muscle pH of chicken in this experiment was pale and had low ultimate pH. In these parameters were found correlation. Chicken meat of this experimental animals was paler and had the lowest ultimate pH, altough in group with higher addition it wasn't confirmed. Raw meat breast pH was significantly lower than thigh muscles in all measurement time. Various feeding especially pollen had significant impact on breast colour which was paler although without negative displays attended of pH decline. Significant relationships are between breast and thigh L*a*b* values and pH1 respectively.
carcass, meat quality, lightness, postmortal changes, CIELAB

First anatomically characterized wood from the Tertiary of Moravia: Spiroplatanoxylon from the area of Austerlitz (Southern Moravia, Czech Republic)

Továrková, I., Gryc, V. Sakala, J.: First anatomically characterized wood from the Tertiary of Moravia: Spiroplatanoxylon from the area of Austerlitz (Southern Moravia, Czech Republic).Acta univ. agric. et silvic. Mendel. Brun., 2011, LIX, No. 6, pp. 367--372
A new silicified angiosperm wood from the alluvial sediments in Vážany nad Litavou (SW of Slavkov/Austerlitz near Brno, Vyškov district) is described. The wood is diffuse-porous with indistinct growth ring boundaries. Vessels are exclusively solitary with helical thickenings and scalariform perforation plates. Rays are very high and up to 18 cells wide, homocellular to slightly heterocellular. Crystals are present in axial parenchyma mostly in chambered cells, rarely in idioblasts. The fossil is attributed to Spiroplatanoxylon mueller-stollii Süss. Other species of Spiroplatanoxylon are also discussed. Wood anatomical descriptions from the eastern part of the Czech Republic published so far deal either with the Silesian Tertiary or describe only partially lignified probably Quaternary material; therefore the present paper can be considered as the first detailed anatomical description of the Tertiary wood from Moravia.
silicified angiosperm wood, Spiroplatanoxylon, Tertiary, Moravia, Czech Republic

The influence of external and internal factors on the quality of semen collection and qualitative indicators of semen in the dog (Canis familiaris)

Vágenknechtová, M., Hošek, M., Máchal, L., Chládek, G.: The influence of external and internal factors on the quality of semen collection and qualitative indicators of semen in the dog (Canis familiaris).Acta univ. agric. et silvic. Mendel. Brun., 2011, LIX, No. 6, pp. 373--380
The influence of external and internal factors on the course of semen collection and quality of ejaculate has been evaluated in this work. This observation included 30 dogs of various breeds, each of which we collected 3 ejaculates from within one week (first, third and fifth day). The internal factors included the weight of the dog, order of semen collection and the age of the dog. The external factors included type of housing, utilization of the dog, point of the collection and type of nutrition. Average length of preparation of a dog for a collection and onset of sexual reflex was 95.7 sec. The observations showed that none of the evaluated internal factors had any influence on the length of preparation for the semen collection. The largest volume of ejaculate was collected from the first collection (10.5cm3), at the second collection it was 8.9 cm3 and the third one the volume was the smallest -- with only 6.6 cm3. The average volume of 8.7 cm3 was found in the whole set of observed dogs. No statistically conclusive difference was found among groups. The average activity of sperm in the observed set was 68.8%. Activity declined from the first to the third collection from 73% to 65.5%. The difference in sperm activity was not statistically conclusive in any indicator. Sperm concentration in whole set of dogs was 143.6 103.mm−3 and was not significantly affected by any monitored internal factors. The longest preparation for the collection was found in dogs housed in pens (134.4 sec), dogs living in households (84.7 sec) and the shortest preparation was needed in dogs with freedom of movement. The longest onset of sexual reflexes was found in Police forces dogs, then family dogs and sport dogs (130.0 sec, 97.8 sec and 68.3 sec). In dogs collected in laboratory, the emergence of sexual reflex was longer (110.7 sec) than in dogs collected in their own natural environment (80.7 sec). The average length of the whole ejaculation was 396.0 sec in the whole set of dogs. The longest ejaculation was found in dogs held home (468.0 sec), the shortest in dogs with freedom of movement (290.0 sec). Family dogs had the longest ejaculation time, Police forces dogs had the shortest. The highest volume of semen was found in dogs kept in households (11.0 cm3), the smallest volume was in dogs with freedom of movement (4.2 cm3). Dogs used in sport, family dogs and Police forces dogs had the volume of semen 12.7 cm3, 6.3 cm3 and 5.7 cm3. Statistically highly significant differences in the activity of sperm was found between dogs with freedom of movement (35.0%) and dogs kept in pens and household of the breeder (77.8%, respectively 77.0%), between Police dogs (49.4%) and sport dogs (76.7%) and family dog (77.8%), as well as in the place of collection (P ≤ 0.01). The lowest sperm concentration was found in dogs kept in households (124.103.mm−3), in dogs kept in pens (152.103.mm−3), the highest sperm concentration was in dogs with freedom of movement (180.103.mm−3). Police, sport and family dogs had the concentration of 175.103.mm−3, 126,5.103.mm−3, respectively 135,0.103.mm−3. Dogs collected in household had the average sperm concentration 102.7.103.mm−3, compared to the sperm concentration of dogs collected in the laboratory (184.5.103.mm−3).
dog semen, semen collection, time of collection, semen volume, activity, concentration

Soil organic matter of Chernozem in the part of Central Europe

Vlček, V., Brtnický, M., Foukalová, J.: Soil organic matter of Chernozem in the part of Central Europe.Acta univ. agric. et silvic. Mendel. Brun., 2011, LIX, No. 6, pp. 381--386
In this study, we have tried to evaluate the current contents of Soil Organic Matter (SOM) in the Soil Type Chernozem for Central Europe and to determine the site specific level for the Czech Republic. In the past, the observed effect of SOM on the Agronomic characteristics in particular yields. Nowadays it means a very important influence on the Environment, particularly in the terms of ecological functions of soil (the influence of the filter function, sanitation function, protection against degradation etc.). The statistical analysis included data for all the Chernozems (N = 141) regardless of subtype derived from measurements from 2003 to 2006. Measurements were carried out at selected locations in the Czech Republic. Profiles at each site were divided into topsoil and subsoil and these were separately statistically processed. When evaluating the frequency distribution, we suppose that the anthropic un-affected Soils would be approximately equal to distribution Gauss normal distribution, and both frequency distribution (in topsoil and subsoil) will be similar (mollic horizon in this Soil Type on non-eroded land is relatively deep and homogeneous). Next from of the observed properties is relation between Content of Soil organic Matter and the texture, namely the content of particles smaller than 0.01 mm. The average SOM content is higher in clayey soil, clay-loam soil than in sandy soil. Differences between soil sandy-loam and clayey-loam are statistically significant. The paper also outlined the possible future development of SOM on Chernozem soils.
soil organic matter, SOM, Chernozem, Central Europe

Plant components and authenticity of landscape architecture monuments

Pejchal, M.: Plant components and authenticity of landscape architecture monuments.Acta univ. agric. et silvic. Mendel. Brun., 2011, LIX, No. 6, pp. 389--400
Plants specifications emphasize the fundamental meaning of the "fourth space dimension" -- time by their usage: (a) the space cannot be composed as a static image; (b) some used plants are not the planned part of the target state; (c) delayed onset of full functionality; (d) substantial importance of care for achieving and maintaining of the full functionality; (e) cultivation measures must be implemented in a certain time period, i.e. the "time window"; (f) replacement of already obsolete generation of full-grown and long-aged trees with a new generation is often carried out in the amended site conditions and different social situation. Historical authenticity of the plant components has the following specifics: (a) its basic assumption may not be the original specimens of plants, it is the preservation of the principle contained in this original substance; (b) the period during which the plant is able to represent the principle of the original substance is often shorter than the length of its existence; (c) gradual recovery of surviving individuals is often difficult to impossible in plants groups and stands; (d) it is often impossible to meet the recommendations of Venice Charter to not to apply the hypothesis and differentiation of added parts from the original ones. There was not paid enough attention to following aspects of the authenticity of plant components: (a) the importance of particular developmental stages of the element; (b) the role of age structure (the same age -- different age) for different types of elements; (c) the effect of different length of the existence of space-formative elements (different periods of their recovery) to the overall composition effect; (d) role of historical technologies.
monuments, landscape architecture, plants, authenticity