Acta Universitatis - Content of 5/2006

Obsah čísla 5/2006

Contents of 5/2006

Skríning vybraných startovacích bakteriálních kultur na přítomnost DNA sekvencí kódujících dekarboxylázu tyrosinu

Burdychová, R.

Here, seven different starter cultures used in the production of fermented sausages were screened for the presence or absence of specific DNA sequences coding for tyrosine decarboxylase. PCR with the a set of specific primers TDC2/TDC5 (COTON et al., 2004) was used. The PCR analysis of DNA from two starter cultures confirmed the presence of DNA sequences for tyrosine decarboxylase. A detailed analysis of the starter cultures showed that DNA sequences for tyrosine decarboxylase are contained in genomic DNA of Lactobacillus curvatus and Lactobacillus sakei.
These results show suitability of the described PCR method for the screening of starter cultures for the presence of the gene for tyrosine decarboxylase that is responsible for the production of the biogenic amine tyramine.

biogenic amines, tyramine, decarboxylase activity, PCR, starter cultures, fermented foods

Hodnocení vegetačního doprovodu ve vztahu ke kategorii vodního toku

Havlíčková, S.

Woody and herbal growth growing on banks and along watercourses are called vegetative accompaniment of watercourses. In the Czech Republic, there has not been a unified methodology for the assessment of vegetative accompaniment of watercourses. Main objective of the work was to desing a simple methodology for the assessment of vegetative accompaniment of watercourses, verify it for each individual category of watercourses and formulate principles of measures to improve its status. The methodology for the assessment of vegetative accompaniment was developed on the basis of literature search and field experience. The ground of the assessment is a field research in each locality. The main characteristic of stream and the existing state of riparian stands are recorded and then assessed on the basis of proposed criteria. Clasification system developed for comparison of watercourses or their stretches and for determination of restoration principles and maintenance of vegetative accompaniment includes five classes of management.

vegetative accompaniment of watercourses, assessment methodology, classes of management

Vliv sezony a otců na výsledky superovulace a přenosů embryí (anglicky)

Hegedűšová, Z., Říha, J.

The aim of the study was evaluate the influence of season and sires on profit and quality of embryos after superovulated treatment. Next we evaluated the conception rate after transfer of fresh and frozen embryos. In 1991--2004 there were used the beef cattle. Into the basic statistic evaluation it was involved 487 realised embryo recoveries and 2008 realised transfers in 1991--2004. Data for database were obtaining from ETprotocols -- ET team Research Institute for Cattle Breeding, Ltd., Rapotin, prof. Říha. The data processing was carried out by means of the common variation-statistical methods. The best results were achieved in summer (suitable 3.68 +- 3.65; the ratio of the suitable and total: 59.3%) and in autumn (suitable 3.54 +- 3.80; the ratio: 54.48%) and the good results, little different from the summer and autumn results, were achieved in spring. The average number of the recovered ova of the chosen breeds sires were variable (from 6.60 +- 6.17 in Blonde d'Aquitaine to 17.16 +- 6.66 in Charolais). The most of the suitable embryos was recovered in the donors inseminated by the Hereford breed sires (7.15 +- 6.42). It was evaluated the above-average conception in the Simmental breed (63.43 %).

beef cattle breeds, donors, recipients, superovulation, embryo transfer, conception rate, sire, season

Vliv způsobu měření a odpočtu tloušťky kůry na výslednou hodnotu objemu kulatiny při její přejímce

Hunková, V., Janák, K.

Thickness of the bark has serious influence on the round wood volume inside bark, if the diameter is measured over bark. The measured value of the bark thickness depends on measuring method. To analyse the possible bark thickness differences of spruce, given by different measuring methods and Peintinger's bark thickness tables and to calculate the corresponding round wood volume differences, given by different bark thickness deduction compared with the Czech Standard is the principle goal of presented research. Three ways of bark thickness measuring were realized: by using bark gauge, increment hammer and slide caliper. Bark gauge gives the highest bark thickness values -- 2,2 mm higher compared with our standard, corresponding volume decrease is 3,4%. Measuring by this method is very carefully to the bark and it gives the real values of the thickness of the undamaged bark layer. It is close to the results of electronic diameter measuring. Slide caliper give the values 0,9 mm higher compared with our standard, corresponding volume decrease is 1,5%. Slide caliper partly damages the surface layer of the bark. Increment hammer gives 0,1 mm higher values of the bark thickness compared with our standard thanks to the destruction of the surface bark layer. Corresponding volume decrease can be approx. 0,1%. Peintinger's bark thickness tables give 1,3 mm higher spruce bark thickness, it means to 1,9 % lower round wood volume. It means, Peintingers tables correspond better with the measured values than with the Czech Standard. We can recommend the using of Peintinger's table for deduction of spruce bark thickness in electronic measuring of the round wood over bark and to use the bark gauge for test measuring. Both two methods gave the closest results to real values while our tests and it is very simple to use this instrument.

measuring of bark, bark thickness, bark gauge, volume of round wood

Myopatie jatečných kuřat

Ingr, I., Božek, R., Jůzl, M.

High-powered means of slaughter chickens production cause on certain individuals abnormal biochemical development of postmortal changes in their muscles. It consequently lead to interferences of sensory quality of the chicken meat. So called myopathies of the chicken breast meat occur in the low extent. It is typical variation in dark colouring of breast muscle. Veterinary supervision confiscates chickens embodying myopathy by reason of sensorical unacceptable dark muscle colour. Deepness of colour is evaluated by adspection of veterinary supervisors. It is tendency leading to find out objective parameters for evaluating this sensual chicken meat colour variation. Incidence of the chickens with myopathy has been evaluating for 3 years in big poultry slaughter, therewithal high-quality chickens and chickens with perspicuous myopathy have been taking out of slaughter-line. Electric conductivity values and pH values were measuring during 60 till 330 minutes post mortem in breast muscles. Aproximately 9 millions chicken was annually slaughtered and 13 thousands of them was confiscated out of the slaughter line by reason of myopathy. It amounts to 0.14 per cent of annually count of processed chickens. Myopatical chickens had significantly higher muscle pH values as compared with healthy ones. Healthy chicken muscles decreased on ultimative pH values aproximately past 3 hours post mortem. It means pH 6.03, and after 300 minutes decreased to pH 5.82. However, myopatical chickens values varied from pH 6.46 to pH 6.30. Concurrently measured values of electric conductivity significantly corellated with pH values. Whereto, it's predication of similarity chicken myopathies and dark, firm, dry (DFD) pork or turkey meat. Beyond unacceptable dark meat colour have disadvantage in poor post mortem acidifying of the meat and in consequence of microbial proteolyse. Significantly correlation between pH and electric conductivity values foreshadows on identification of myopatical chicken meat by means of conductivity measuring.

myopathy, breast muscle, pH values, electric conductivity

Vliv abiotických faktorů na klíčivost Agrostis species a Poa species

Knot, P.

The objective of this contribution is to interpret the impact of some abiotic factors on the germinability. Primarily was observed the stress that they cause on germinability and also on the energy of other perennial grass caryopsis` germinability. Withal there were considered differences in germinability of some perennial grass species, variances of strains and the influence of today`s seeds dressing technologies, which are used to improve the germination. The light factor has the biggest influence of all factors on germination of Agrostis stolonifera (Penn G-2, Providence), Poa supina (Supranova) and Poa pratensis (Julius, Julius PreGerm). All these species had germination evidential higher in the light, than in the dark. With species Poa pratensis (Coctail, Coctail Headstart) and Poa annua were not observed any essential variations between the dark and the light variants. Only with Poa annua there were reached noticeably lower values with variant in the light, where was used polyethyleneglycol, than in the dark. The analysis of variance demonstrated, that the biggest influence had the factor of stratification together with the light factor with Agrostis capilaris (Bardot) and Agrostis stolonifera Providence. With Poa annua there was established the biggest influence of the light factor together with the factor of the used medium. The factor of stratification noticeably affected only the germination of Agrostis capillaris Bardot. The germination of Agrostis stolonifera Providence, Poa pratensis Cocktail, Cocktail Headstart, Julius and Poa annua was not noticeably affected by stratification. The reaction on the factor of stratification was with Agrostis capillaris Bardot in the dark adverse and in the light minimal. Poa pratensis Julius PreGerm germination was negative in the dark as well as in the light. With Poa supina Supranova it was not the most important factor, but still affected the germination significiantly. The nitrogen nutrition, as the next factor, had positive affect with all variants. This could be explained with existence of the “gap detection” mechanism. Especially variants in the dark and with used stratification had affected theirs germination positively, when combinated with H₂O and potassium nitrate. The addition of potassium nitrate positively affected also the energy of germination. With the lack of water factor was affected amount of germinated caryopsis and their energy of germination. Especially with higher water tonus was energy of germination and germination itself decreased. The only exceptions were these variants in the dark with the stratification factor. With these conditions was achieved the same or even higher quality of germination of variants, where PEG was added than was achieved with H₂O variants.

grass species, germination, light, stratification, the lack of water, nitrogen nutrition

Evropské druhy rodu Phyllonorycter vyvíjející se na rostlinách tribu Genisteae (Fabaceae) s popisy dvanácti nových druhů (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) (anglicky)

Laštůvka, A., Laštůvka, Z.

A review of 29 European species of the genus Phyllonorycter Hübner, 1822 developing on the plants of the tribe Genisteae with diagnostic characters, brief data on their biology and distribution is given. Twelve of them are new: Phyllonorycter estrela sp. n., probably from Genista cinerea (Vill.) DC., P. telinella sp. n. from Genista monspessulana (L.) L. A. S. Johnson, P. tridentatae sp. n. from Genista tridentata L., P. deschkanus sp. n. from Genista cinerea (Vill.) DC., P. andalusicus sp. n. probably from Retama sphaerocarpa (L.) Boiss., P. echinosparti sp. n. from Echinospartum lusitanicum (L.) Rothm., P. baetica sp. n. from Genista versicolor Boiss., P. vueltas sp. n. from Genista florida L. and G. cinerea (Vill.) DC., P. scorpius sp. n. from Genista scorpius (L.) DC., P. pumila sp. n. from Genista versicolor subsp. pumila (Hervier) Fern. Casas, P. eugregori sp. n. from Cytisus austriacus L. and C. ratisbonensis Schaeff., and P. etnensis sp. n. from Genista aetnensis (Biv.) DC. Phyllonorycter purgantella (Chrétien, 1915) is recognized as bona species. Phyllonorycter dalmatinella (Amsel, 1951) and P. picardi Buvat, 1995 are junior subjective synonyms of Phyllonorycter lapadiella (Krone, 1909). The lectotype of Phyllonorycter haasi (Rebel, 1901) is designated. The species are divided into three species groups, Phyllonorycter cerasinella (Reutti, 1853) standing apart from these groups. New country records of several species are given.

Phyllonorycter, Fabaceae, Genisteae, Europe

Pedagogická příprava akademických pracovníků na počátku jejich kariéry (anglicky)

Máchal, P., Linhartová, D.

Within the development programme of the Ministry of Education, Youth and Physical Training of the Czech Republic the Lifelong Learning Institute at the Mendel University of Agriculture and Forestry in Brno introduced and carried out the educational programme for enhancement of pedagogical competences of young academic workers at MUAF in Brno in 2005. It consisted of two parts -- pedagogical-didactical and psychosocial. Its objective was the development of pedagogical competences of the young academic staff. Our contribution explains the definition of the objectives of both parts of this programme as well as its contents. We also present the evaluation of both parts of the programme.

university, academic worker, pedagogical competence, educational programme, evaluation

Učitelské vzdělávání v podmínkách Mendelovy zemědělské a lesnické univerzity v Brně (anglicky)

Máchal, P., Linhartová, D.

Our contribution deals with the problems of teachers' training courses at the Mendel University of Agriculture and Forestry in Brno. It is divided into three basic areas. At the beginning it contains legislative framework of teachers' training in the Czech Republic which is followed by description of the teachers' training courses at the Mendel University of Agriculture and Forestry in Brno as well as its further development.

university, teachers' training cources, career education, specialized training teachers, university teachers

Hodnocení odolnosti k plísni révové u genových zdrojů révy vinné (anglicky)

Pavloušek, P.

The evaluation of grapevine genetic resources is very important especially from the viewpoint of the use of some varieties within the process of grape breeding. At present, the breeding of grapevine is more and more focused upon selection of varieties showing an increased resistance to fungal diseases and, especially to downy mildew. At the Faculty of Horticulture, we have studied the resistance of 32 grapevine varieties to downy mildew resistance on leaves. This evaluation took place under field conditions in a vineyard that was not treated with pesticides within the period of 1996--2000. The resistance to downy mildew was evaluated using a scale published in the ”International List for Grapevine Varieties and Species Evaluation". The highest degree of resistance was observed in the following varieties: ‚Augustovskii', ‚Yalovenskii Ustoichyvii', ‚Pőlőskei Muskotály', Pleven ustoichyvii, ‚Aivaz', ‚Dachnyi', ‚Kutuzovskii', ‚Nero', and ‚Smuglyanka Moldavskaya'. These varieties can be used as starting material for a further breeding. It can be therefore concluded that studies on genetic resources are very important.

grapevine, genetic resource, leaf, resistance, breeding

Využití metod detekce apoptózy a nekrózy neutrofilních granulocytů krve skotu in vitro

Sláma, P., Sládek, Z., Ryšánek, D.

The study was an in vitro analysis of bovine blood neutrophil apoptosis and necrosis based on the detection of their morphological and biochemical features. The experiment was carried out in six clinically healthy Holstein x Bohemian Red Pied crossbred virgin heifers aged 16 to 18 months. The fresh and in vitro cultivated blood were analysed by light and electron microscopy and flow cytometry. In fresh blood, non apoptotic or necrotic neutrophils were found by light microscopy. On the other hand, 3.34% apoptotic and 0.32% necrotic neutrophils were detected by flow cytometry. After four hours of incubation, 3.53% apoptotic and 1.37% necrotic neutrophils were found by light microscopy. In the same conditions, there were assessed 17.54% apoptotic and 0.58% necrotic neutrophils by flow cytometry. Correlation coefficient between light microscopy and flow cytometry in portion of apoptotic neutrophils was 0.625 (P<0.05) and correlation coefficient between light microscopy and flow cytometry in portion of necrotic neutrophils was 0.983 (P<0.05). There was found out that these detection methods (light microscopy and flow cytometry) are right combination for detection of apoptotic and necrotic bovine blood neutrophils.

apoptosis, necrosis, neutrophil, phosphatidylserine, flow cytometry

Analýza exteriéru starokladrubského koně chovaného v Národním hřebčíně Kladruby nad Labem

Sobotková, E., Jiskrová, I., Somerlíková, K.

The objective of the present study was a detailed analysis of the body conformation of the Old Kladruby horse in the Stud Farm Kladruby. We applied 26 body dimensions, 9 angles of extremity joints and 12 hippo-metrical indices of 167 breeding horses to analyse the population according to the colouration (grey, black), lines (9 lines), sex (stallions and mares) and age categories (4 classes). The resulting measures were analysed statistically by means of a linear model with fixed effects (GLM). Most of the statistical highly significant differences were differences detected between stallions and mares and between the Old Kladruby grey and black horses. The stallions have a significantly longer profile of the head (by more than 1 cm) and width of the cheeks. The mares have a highly significantly larger chest (longer by 2.9 cm, more deeply by 3.3 cm), width of coxae and angles of the shoulder and knee joints. The black horses have highly significantly longer profile of the head (by more than 2.5 cm) and width of cheeks, longer the blade-bone and significantly longer the pelvis (by 2.3 cm). The grey horses have highly significantly shorter arm and forearm, longer metacarpus, pastern and shinbone. The differences between age categories are highly significant by heights of body, girth and by hippo-metrical indices. The differences among the lines of the same colouration are minimal. Only white line Rudolfo is significantly small sized and the least compact.

horse, Old Kladruby horse, body conformation, body dimensions

Etologická studie mladých koní (anglicky)

Šišková, P., Jiskrová, I., Mikule, V.

In the present study called ”An Ethological Study of Young Horses" we focused on the behaviour of foals from their birth to separation from their mother. We observed and analysed their behaviour and daily activities, and from the achieved results we drew conclusions for practical horse breeding. We studied the following forms of behaviour of the foals: feeding behaviour (sucking, drinking, eating roughage and concentrates, gleaning, coprophagia), defecation and micturition, comfortable behaviour and mutual comfort behaviour, manifestations of relaxation (resting posture, lying down), movement manifestations, playful behaviour, stereotype behaviour, other manifestations (acoustic, olfactory etc). As a result we recommended several changes in the technology, e.g. larger stables, salt-lick out of reach of the foals, more frequent exchange of bedding, shelter for horses grazing in the open.

behaviour, foal, technology, daily activities

Vliv prostředí na pevnost lepeného spoje

Válek, V.

In this paper ”Environment influence on the solidity of the adhesive joint" I have dealt with the utilization of the bonding metals and practising experimental laboratory tests of adhesive joints depending on different laboratory environments and anticorrosive protection of the samples. For this laboratory tests I have chosen a universal adhesive. It is a two-component epoxy adhesive with suitable conditions for bonding metals. The samples were made from steel and were produced by the standard ČSN EN 1465. After the bonding and the cure procedure the samples were exposed in H20 environment for exact intervals (parts of the samples were painted by anticorrosive painting). After the exposition I have examinated the solidity of the adhesive joint in shearing stress on the measuring instrument Zwick 050. The samples were compared with etalon that were exposed to no environment. Results of the particular measuring were described into the graphs and were recorded the break down maximum force. When the samples were broken down I have taken a photo of it, which is in the appendix.

adhesion, anticorrosive protection, cohesion, curing, shearing strength, tension

Molekulární markery genetické variability u odrůd tritikale registrovaných v České republice (anglicky)

Vyhnánek, T., Bednář, J.

Genetic variability was detected in 15 varieties of triticale (XTriticosecale Wittmack., 2n = 6x = 42, BBAARR) registered in the Czech Republic by means of polymorphism of DNA using the RAPD method and the SSR method. For detection we used 80 RAPD primers. The lower reproducibility of the RAPD markers was resolved by means of repeated analyses (3--4 times). On the basis of statistical evaluation a dendrogram was set up, which allows highly significantly to differentiate the varieties Kolor, Modus and Tornado. The remaining 12 analysed varieties formed 4 clusters. In addition to the RAPD markers a protocol of detection of DNA polymorphism was elaborated and optimised with microsatellite (SSR) markers. For the analyses we used 2 SSR markers (1A chromosome [Xpsp2999] and 1B chromosome [Xpsp3000]), which have been discovered in wheat (T. aestivum L.). Basing on these two SSR markers the only variety Triamant was distinguished from the clusters of the other analysed varieties.

triticale, XTriticosecale Wittmack., DNA markers, RAPD, SSR